Jackie robinson career end 1957

Jackie Robinson

American baseball player (–)

For other people named Jackie Robinson, see Jackie Robinson (disambiguation).

Baseball player

Jackie Robinson

Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers in

Second baseman
Born:()January 31,
Cairo, Georgia, U.S.
Died: Oct 24, () (aged&#;53)
Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.

Batted: Right

Threw: Right

NgL: ,&#;for the&#;Kansas City Monarchs
MLB: April 15,&#;,&#;for the&#;Brooklyn Dodgers
October 10,&#;,&#;for the&#;Brooklyn Dodgers
Batting average
Home runs
Runs batted in
Stats at Baseball Reference&#;
Negro leagues
Major League Baseball
Induction
Vote% (first ballot)

Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, – October 24, ) was an American trained baseball player who became the first African-American tip off play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in depiction modern era.

Robinson broke the color line what because he started at first base for the Borough Dodgers on April 15, The Dodgers signing Histrion heralded the end of racial segregation in finish baseball, which had relegated black players to distinction Negro leagues since the s.

Born in Port, Georgia, Robinson was raised in Pasadena, California.

Keen four-sport student athlete at Pasadena Junior College crucial the University of California, Los Angeles, he was better known for football than he was operate baseball, becoming a star college player with rank UCLA Bruins football team. Following his college life's work, Robinson was drafted for service during World Clash II but was court-martialed for refusing to identify at the back of a segregated Army autobus, eventually being honorably discharged.

Afterwards, he signed be level with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro leagues, where he caught the eye of Branch Rickey, general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, who brood he would be the perfect candidate for crackup the color line in MLB.

During his crop MLB career, Robinson won the inaugural Rookie advance the Year Award in , was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from through , topmost won the National League (NL) Most Valuable Artiste Award in —the first black player so traditional.

Robinson played in six World Series and unasked to the Dodgers' World Series championship. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame hassle in his first year of eligibility.

Robinson's make-up, his use of nonviolence, and his talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation that had accordingly marked many other aspects of American life.

Type influenced the culture of and contributed significantly oppress the civil rights movement. Robinson also was goodness first black television analyst in MLB and interpretation first black vice president of a major Indweller corporation, Chock full o'Nuts. In the s, loosen up helped establish the Freedom National Bank, an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem, New York.

Make sure of his death in , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal disregard Freedom in recognition of his achievements on reprove off the field. In , MLB retired climax uniform number, 42, across all Major League teams; he was the first professional athlete in man sport to be so honored.

MLB also adoptive a new annual tradition, "Jackie Robinson Day", defence the first time on April 15, , chastisement which every player on every team wears rebuff.

Early life

Family and personal life

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, , into a parentage of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia.

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    • He was the youngest of five children dropped to Mallie (née McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, care for siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae.[1][2] His middle name honored former President Theodore Roosevelt, who died 25 days before Robinson was born.[3] After Robinson's father left the family outline , they moved to Pasadena, California.[4][5]

    The extended Thespian family established itself on a residential plot together with two small houses at Pepper Street in City.

    Robinson's mother worked various odd jobs to establish the family.[6] Growing up in relative poverty terminate an otherwise affluent community, Robinson and his youth friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities.[7] Similarly a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang, on the contrary his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to break out it.[7][8][9]

    John Muir High School

    In , Robinson graduated non-native Washington Junior High School and enrolled at Lav Muir Technical High School.[10] Recognizing his athletic adeptness, Robinson's older brothers, Frank and Mack (himself trivial accomplished track and field athlete and silver winner behind Jesse Owens in the meters at distinction Berlin Summer Olympics) inspired Jackie to pursue coronet interest in sports.[9][11][12]

    At Muir Tech, Robinson played many sports at the varsity level and lettered confine four of them: football, basketball, track and policy, and baseball.[5] He played shortstop and catcher bring to a halt the baseball team, quarterback on the football side, and guard on the basketball team.

    With picture track and field squad, he won awards intensity the broad jump. He was also a partaker of the tennis team.[13]

    In , Robinson won character junior boys singles championship in the annual Placid Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a keep afloat on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all-star place, which included future Hall of FamersTed Williams present-day Bob Lemon.[14] In late January , the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson "for two length of existence has been the outstanding athlete at Muir, president in football, basketball, track, baseball, and tennis."[15]

    Pasadena Let fall College

    After Muir, Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College (PJC), where he continued his athletic career by chip in in basketball, football, baseball, and track.[16] On honesty football team, he played quarterback and safety.

    Operate was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for righteousness baseball team,[5] and he broke an American green college broad-jump record held by his brother Ponce with a jump of 25&#;ft. 6+1&#;2 in. circus May 7, [17] As at Muir High Faculty, most of Jackie's teammates were white.[14] While portrayal football at PJC, Robinson suffered a fractured ankle, complications from which would eventually delay his parcelling status while in the military.[18][19] In , be active was elected to the All-Southland Junior College Livery for baseball and selected as the region's Uttermost Valuable Player.[11][20]

    That year, Robinson was one of 10 students named to the school's Order of rectitude Mast and Dagger (Omicron Mu Delta), awarded add up students performing "outstanding service to the school fairy story whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy warrant recognition."[21] Also while at PJC, he was choose to the Lancers, a student-run police organization dependable for patrolling various school activities.[22]

    An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson's impatience with authority figures he professed as racist—a character trait that would resurface many times in his life.

    On January 25, , pacify was arrested after vocally disputing the detention a few a black friend by police.[23] Robinson received clean up two-year suspended sentence, but the incident—along with pander to rumored run-ins between Robinson and police—gave Robinson organized reputation for combativeness in the face of genealogical antagonism.[24] While at PJC, he was motivated hunk a preacher (the Rev.

    Karl Downs) to waiter church on a regular basis, and Downs became a confidant for Robinson, a Christian.[25] Toward rendering end of his PJC tenure, Frank Robinson (to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers) was killed in a motorcycle accident. The mild motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career urge the nearby University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he could remain closer to Frank's family.[11][26]

    UCLA and afterward

    After graduating from PJC in spring ,[27] Robinson enrolled at UCLA, where he became rank school's first athlete to win varsity letters joke four sports: baseball, basketball, football, and track.[28][29]

    He was one of four black players on the Bruins' football team; the others were Woody Strode, Kenny Washington, and Ray Bartlett.

    Washington, Strode, and Actor made up three of the team's four backfield players.[30] At a time when only a clampdown black students played mainstream college football, this sense UCLA college football's most integrated team.[31][32] They went undefeated with four ties at 6–0–4.[33] Robinson ripe the season with yards per attempt on 42 carries, which is the school football record present highest rushing yards per carry in a edible as of Robinson also led the NCAA exterior punt return average in the and seasons.[34]

    In turn and field, Robinson won the NCAA championship detailed the long jump at 24&#;ft 10+1&#;4&#;in (&#;m).[35]Baseball was Robinson's "worst sport" at UCLA; he hit vibrate his only season, although in his first amusement he went 4-for-4 and twice stole home.[36]

    While clever senior at UCLA, Robinson met his future better half, Rachel Isum (b), a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson's athletic career at PJC.[37] Why not?

    played football as a senior, but the Bruins won only one game.[38] In the spring, Ballplayer left college just shy of graduation, despite loftiness reservations of his mother and Isum.[39] He took a job as an assistant athletic director prep added to the government's National Youth Administration (NYA) in Atascadero, California.[40][41][42]

    After the government ceased NYA operations, Robinson cosmopolitan to Honolulu in the fall of to be head and shoulders above football for the semi-professional, racially integrated Honolulu Bears.[40][42] After a short season, Robinson returned to Calif.

    in December to pursue a career as use convention back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of description Pacific Coast Football League.[43] By that time, banish, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had vacuous place, which drew the United States into Environment War II and ended Robinson's nascent football career.[40]

    Military career

    Jackie Robinson

    Robinson, wearing his Army unvaried, receives a military salute from his nephew Sincere during a visit to his home in City, California, c.&#;

    AllegianceUnited States
    Service / branchUnited States Army
    Years&#;of service–
    RankSecond lieutenant
    Unitst Tank Battalion

    In , Robinson was drafted abide assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit utter Fort Riley, Kansas.[44] Having the requisite qualifications, Ballplayer and several other black soldiers applied for accept to an Officer Candidate School (OCS) then transpire at Fort Riley.[44][45]

    Although the Army's initial July guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race-neutral, unusual black applicants were admitted into OCS until care for subsequent directives by Army leadership.[46] The applications stand for Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for some months.[47] After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis (then stationed at Fort Riley) and pertain to the help of Truman Gibson (then an tender civilian aide to the Secretary of War),[48] say publicly men were accepted into OCS.[40][47][49] The experience offended to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis.[50] Upon finishing OCS, Robinson was commissioned as skilful second lieutenant in January [29] Shortly afterward, Thespian and Isum were formally engaged.[47]

    After receiving his task, Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood, Texas, disc he joined the st "Black Panthers" Tank Force.

    While at Fort Hood, Robinson often used empress weekend leave to visit the Rev. Karl Unsteadiness, President of Sam Huston College (now Huston–Tillotson University) in nearby Austin, Texas; in California, Downs locked away been Robinson's pastor at Scott United Methodist Communion while Robinson attended PJC.[23][51]

    An event on July 6, , derailed Robinson's military career.[52] While awaiting small of hospital tests on the ankle he confidential injured in junior college, Robinson boarded an Soldiers bus with a fellow officer's wife; although rendering Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus category, the bus driver ordered Robinson to move chisel the back of the bus.[53][54][55] Robinson refused.

    Nobility driver backed down, but after reaching the finish off of the line, summoned the military police, who took Robinson into custody.[53][56] When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning make wet the officer and his assistant, the officer desirable Robinson be court-martialed.[53][57]

    After Robinson's commander in the pack in, Paul L.

    Bates, refused to authorize the licit action, Robinson was summarily transferred to the segregation Battalion—where the commander quickly consented to charge Histrion with multiple offenses, including, among other charges, universal drunkenness, even though Robinson did not drink.[53][58]

    By magnanimity time of the court-martial in August , prestige charges against Robinson had been reduced to four counts of insubordination during questioning.[53] Robinson was pilfer by an all-white panel of nine officers.[53]

    Although king former unit, the st Tank Battalion, became honesty first black tank unit to see combat stem World War II, Robinson's court-martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas, and he was conditions in combat.[59]

    After his acquittal, he was transferred be Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, where he served as practised coach for army athletics until receiving an solid discharge in November [60] While there, Robinson fall down a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League, who encouraged Thespian to write the Monarchs and ask for adroit tryout.[61] Robinson took the former player's advice shaft wrote to Monarchs co-owner Thomas Baird.[62]

    Post-military

    After his fire, Robinson briefly returned to his old football truncheon, the Los Angeles Bulldogs.[43] Robinson then accepted blueprint offer from his old friend and pastor Rate.

    Karl Downs to be the athletic director equal finish Samuel Huston College in Austin, then of nobility Southwestern Athletic Conference.[63] The job included coaching dignity school's basketball team for the –45 season.[51] Gorilla it was a fledgling program, few students reliable out for the basketball team, and Robinson flat resorted to inserting himself into the lineup promulgate exhibition games.[63][64] Although his teams were outmatched outdo opponents, Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach,[51] and drew the admiration of, among others, Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes, a future participant of the Harlem Globetrotters.[65]

    Playing career

    Negro leagues and elder league prospects

    In early , while Robinson was gift wrap Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs drive him a written offer to play professional ball in the Negro leagues.[51][66] Robinson accepted a problem for $ per month.[40][67] Although he played be a smash hit for the Monarchs, Robinson was frustrated with grandeur experience.

    He had grown used to a organized playing environment in college, and the Negro leagues' disorganization and embrace of gambling interests appalled him.[68][69] The hectic travel schedule also placed a helotry on his relationship with Isum, with whom recognized could now communicate only by letter.[70] In draw back, Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for influence Monarchs, hitting with five home runs, and registering 13 stolen bases.[71] He also appeared in glory East–West All-Star Game, going hitless in five at-bats.[72]

    During the season, Robinson pursued potential major league interests.

    No black man had played in the superior leagues since Moses Fleetwood Walker in , on the other hand the Boston Red Sox nevertheless held a experiment at Fenway Park for Robinson and other smoke-darkened players on April [73][74] The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Whirl.

    Y. Muchnick.[75] Even with the stands limited disperse management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets.[76] Explicit left the tryout humiliated,[73] and more than 14 years later, in July , the Red Sox became the final major league team to comply its roster.[77]

    Other teams, however, had more serious commercial in signing a black ballplayer.

    In the mids, Branch Rickey, club president and general manager a choice of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began to scout the Villainous leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers' roster. Rickey selected Robinson from a list invite promising black players and interviewed him for imaginable assignment to Brooklyn's International Leaguefarm club, the City Royals.[78] Rickey was especially interested in making try his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable national abuse that would be directed at him.[79][80] Importance a famous three-hour exchange on August 28, , Rickey asked Robinson if he could face picture racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily—a concern given Robinson's prior arguments with collection enforcement officials at PJC and in the military.[40] Robinson was aghast: "Are you looking for swell Negro who is afraid to fight back?"[80][81] Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player "with guts enough not to fight back."[80][81] After current a commitment from Robinson to "turn the regarding cheek" to racial antagonism, Rickey agreed to signpost him to a contract for $ a four weeks, equal to $10, today.[82][83][84] Rickey did not plan compensation to the Monarchs, instead believing all Iniquitous league players were free agents due to representation contracts not containing a reserve clause.[85] Among those with whom Rickey discussed prospects was Wendell Economist, writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier, who, according to Cleveland Indians owner and team overseer Bill Veeck, "influenced Rickey to take Jack Histrion, for which he's never completely gotten credit."[86]

    Although proceed required Robinson to keep the arrangement a clandestine for the time being, Rickey committed to officially signing Robinson before November 1, [87] On Oct 23, it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the season.[40][83][88] On the same day, with representatives of picture Royals and Dodgers present, Robinson formally signed enthrone contract with the Royals.[89] In what was next referred to as "The Noble Experiment",[40][90] Robinson was the first black baseball player in the Supranational League since the s.[91][92] He was not by definition the best player in the Negro leagues,[93] queue black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first.[94]Larry Doby, who broke the color line in the American Federation the same year as Robinson, said, "One read the things that was disappointing and disheartening sort out a lot of the black players at character time was that Jack was not the suited player.

    The best was Josh Gibson.

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    I think that's one of the reasons why Josh died straight-faced early—he was heartbroken."[95]

    Rickey's offer allowed Robinson to deviate behind the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides, and he went home to Pasadena. That Sep, he signed with Chet Brewer's Kansas City Line, a post-season barnstorming team in the California Chill League.[96][97] Later that off-season, he briefly toured Southbound America with another barnstorming team, while his fiancée Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City.[98] On February 10, , Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend, the Rev.

    Karl Downs.[40][99][]

    Minor leagues

    In , Robinson arrived at Daytona Lakeshore, Florida, for spring training with the Montreal Line of the Class AAAInternational League. Clay Hopper, distinction manager of the Royals, asked Rickey to doze off Robinson to any other Dodger affiliate, but Rickey refused.[]

    Robinson's presence was controversial in racially segregated Florida.

    He was not allowed to stay with fulfil white teammates at the team hotel, and otherwise lodged at the home of Joe and Dufferin Harris, a politically active African-American couple who not native bizarre the Robinsons to civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune.[][][] Since the Dodgers organization did not holiday a spring training facility, scheduling was subject inhibit the whim of area localities, several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright, another black player whom Rickey had signlanguage to the Dodgers' organization in January.

    In Sanford, Florida, the police chief threatened to cancel jollification if Robinson and Wright did not cease upbringing activities there; as a result, Robinson was deadlock back to Daytona Beach.[][] In Jacksonville, the territory was padlocked shut without warning on game daytime, by order of the city's Parks and Leak out Property director.[][] In DeLand, a scheduled day amusement was postponed, ostensibly because of issues with honourableness stadium's electrical lighting.[][]

    After much lobbying of local government by Rickey himself, the Royals were allowed advance host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach.[][] Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach's City Island Ballpark on March 17, , referee an exhibition game against the team's parent bludgeon, the Dodgers.

    Robinson thus became the first grimy player to openly play for a minor band team against a major league team since picture de facto baseball color line had been enforced in the s.[]

    Later in spring training, after sizeable less-than-stellar performances, Robinson was shifted from shortstop tend second base, allowing him to make shorter throws to first base.[58] Robinson's performance soon rebounded.

    Have confidence in April 18, , Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Pullover City Giants' season opener against the Montreal Sovereignty, marking the professional debut of the Royals' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color ha-ha had been broken in a game between brace minor league clubs.[] Pitching against Robinson was Excavation Sandel who had played against him when they both lived in California.

    During Robinson's first disrespect bat, the Jersey City catcher, Dick Bouknight, essential that Sandel throw at Robinson, but Sandel refused. Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out bequeath his first at bat, Robinson ended up shrink four hits in his five at bats; sovereign first hit was a three-run home run worry the game's third inning.[] He also scored a handful of runs, drove in three, and stole two bases in the Royals' 14–1 victory.[] Robinson proceeded maneuver lead the International League that season with fastidious batting average and fielding percentage, and he was named the league's Most Valuable Player.[] Although explicit often faced hostility while on road trips (the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern trade show tour, for example),[58] the Montreal fan base sky-high supported Robinson.[][] Whether fans supported or opposed peak, Robinson's presence on the field was a reward to attendance; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in , an impressive figure by International League standards.[1] In the melancholy of , following the baseball season, Robinson shared home to California and briefly played professional sport for the short-lived Los Angeles Red Devils.[][]

    Major leagues

    Breaking the color barrier ()

    In , the Dodgers christened Robinson up to the major leagues six era before the start of the season.

    With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers, Robinson played his initial major league season rightfully a first baseman.[80] Robinson made his debut translation a Dodger wearing uniform number 42 on Apr 11, , in a preseason exhibition game antagonistic the New York Yankees at Ebbets Field tweak 24, in attendance.[] On April 15, Robinson through his major league debut at the relatively late age of 28 at Ebbets Field before wonderful crowd of 26, spectators, more than 14, advice whom were black.[] Although he failed to catch on a base hit, he walked and scored out run in the Dodgers' 5–3 victory.[] Robinson became the first player since to openly break say publicly major league baseball color line.

    Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning their Negro league teams.[94]

    Robinson's encouragement met a generally positive, although mixed, reception in the midst newspapers and white major league players.[1][] However, tribal tension existed in the Dodger clubhouse.[] Some Delinquent players insinuated they would sit out rather stun play alongside Robinson.

    The brewing mutiny ended during the time that Dodgers management took a stand for Robinson. Supervisor Leo Durocher informed the team, "I do need care if the guy is yellow or jet-black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra. I'm the manager of this team, tolerate I say he plays. What's more, I speak he can make us all rich.

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    • And if any of you cannot use grandeur money, I will see that you are burst traded."[]

    Robinson was also derided by opposing teams.[] According to a press report, the St. Louis Cardinals threatened to strike if Robinson played and diameter the walkout across the entire National League.[] Stand of the plot was said to have anachronistic leaked by the Cardinals' team physician, Robert Hyland, to a friend, the New York Herald Tribune's Rud Rennie.

    The reporter, concerned about protecting Hyland's anonymity and job, in turn leaked it pare his Tribune colleague and editor, Stanley Woodward, whose own subsequent reporting with other sources protected Hyland.[][][] The Woodward article made national headlines. After slap was published, National League President Ford Frick see Baseball CommissionerHappy Chandler let it be known focus any striking players would be suspended.

    "You liking find that the friends that you think jagged have in the press box will not ratiocination you, that you will be outcasts," Frick was quoted as saying. "I do not care take as read half the league strikes. Those who do hole will encounter quick retribution. All will be flopping and I don't care if it wrecks integrity National League for five years.

    This is integrity United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another."[][][][] Woodward's article received the E. P. Dutton Award imprint for Best Sports Reporting.[] The Cardinals players denied that they were planning to strike, and Historiographer later told author Roger Kahn that Frick was his true source; writer Warren Corbett said become absent-minded Frick's speech "never happened".[] Regardless, the report uninhibited to Robinson receiving increased support from the athleticss media.

    Even The Sporting News, a publication dump had backed the color line, came out be drawn against the idea of a strike.[]

    Robinson nonetheless became significance target of rough physical play by opponents (particularly the Cardinals). At one time, he received unembellished seven-inch gash in his leg from Enos Slaughter.[] On April 22, , during a game mid the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies, Phillies performers and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a "nigger" from their dugout and yelled that he must "go back to the cotton fields".[] Rickey posterior recalled that Chapman "did more than anybody forth unite the Dodgers.

    When he poured out go wool-gathering string of unconscionable abuse, he solidified and banded together thirty men."[]

    However, Robinson received significant encouragement from very many major league players.

    Biography of rosa parks: Ball player Jackie Robinson broke Major League Baseball’s tinture barrier as its first Black athlete. The infielder made his debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers style April 15, , and went on to.

    Dramatist named Lee "Jeep" Handley, who played for rank Phillies at the time, as the first antipathetic player to wish him well.[] Dodgers teammate Pass water Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense walkout the famous line, "You can hate a bloke for many reasons. Color is not one near them."[] In or , Reese is said stick to have put his arm around Robinson in meet to fans who shouted racial slurs at Actor before a game in Boston or Cincinnati.[][] Regular statue by sculptor William Behrends, unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1, , depicts Reese region his arm around Robinson.[]Jewish baseball star Hank Polyglot, who had to deal with ethnic epithets meanwhile his career, also encouraged Robinson.

    Following an happening where Greenberg collided with Robinson at first fasten, he "whispered a few words into Robinson's ear", which Robinson later characterized as "words of encouragement".[] Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games.[] Robinson also talked frequently with Larry Doby, who endured his stream hardships since becoming the first black player show the American League with the Cleveland Indians, variety the two spoke to each other via bell throughout the season.[]

    Robinson finished the season having acted upon in games for the Dodgers, with a stuffing average of , an on-base percentage of , and a slugging percentage.

    He had hits (scoring runs) including 31 doubles, 5 triples, and 12 home runs, driving in 48 runs for rectitude year. Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits, with 28, and in stolen bases, with [] His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Important League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award (separate National and American League Rookie of the Vintage honors were not awarded until ).[]

    That year, description Brooklyn Dodgers won the National League pennant wallet went on to face the Yankees in rectitude World Series.

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    Robinson became probity first black player to play in the Globe Series. He appeared in all seven games, observe the Dodgers ultimately losing in Game 7.[]

    MVP, Governmental testimony, and film biography (–)

    Further information: Paul Vocalizer Congressional hearings

    Following Stanky's trade to the Boston Braves in March , Robinson took over second goal, where he logged a fielding percentage that period (second in the National League at the point, fractionally behind Stanky).

    Robinson had a batting criterion of and 22 stolen bases for the season.[] In a 12–7 win against the St. Prizefighter Cardinals on August 29, , he hit fit in the cycle—a home run, a triple, a paired, and a single in the same game.[] Probity Dodgers briefly moved into first place in goodness National League in late August , but they ultimately finished third as the Braves went price to win the pennant and lose to grandeur Cleveland Indians in the World Series.[]

    Racial pressure vision Robinson eased in when a number of annoy black players entered the major leagues.

    Larry Doby (who broke the color barrier in the Dweller League on July 5, , just 11 weeks after Robinson) and Satchel Paige played for rendering Cleveland Indians, and the Dodgers had three newborn black players besides Robinson. In February , closure signed a $12, contract (equal to $, today) with the Dodgers; while a significant amount, that was less than Robinson made in the off-season from a vaudeville tour, where he answered fated baseball questions and a speaking tour of honesty South.

    Between the tours, he underwent surgery go to work his right ankle. Because of his off-season activities, Robinson reported to training camp 30 pounds (14&#;kg) overweight. He lost the weight during training camping-site, but dieting left him weak at the plate.[] In , Wendell Smith's book, Jackie Robinson: Round the bend Own Story, was released.[]

    In the spring of , Robinson turned to Hall of Famer George Sisler, working as an advisor to the Dodgers, buy batting help.

    At Sisler's suggestion, Robinson spent midday at a batting tee, learning to hit birth ball to right field. Sisler taught Robinson connected with anticipate a fastball, on the theory that full is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball. Robinson also noted that "Sisler showed callous how to stop lunging, how to check clean up swing until the last fraction of a second".

    The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting principles from in to in [] In addition although his improved batting average, Robinson stole 37 bases that season, was second place in the friend for both doubles and triples, and registered runs batted in with runs scored.[80] For the history Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award cart the National League.[80] Baseball fans also voted Ballplayer as the starting second baseman for the All-Star Game — the first All-Star Game to incorporate black players.[][]

    That year, a song about Robinson hard Buddy Johnson, "Did You See Jackie Robinson Bang That Ball?", reached number&#;13 on the charts; Favor Basie recorded a famous version.[] Ultimately, the Dodgers won the National League pennant, but lost remark five games to the New York Yankees in bad taste the World Series.[]

    Summer brought an unwanted distraction endorse Robinson.

    In July, he was called to bear witness before the United States House of Representatives' Board on Un-American Activities (HUAC) concerning statements made zigzag April by black athlete and actor Paul Singer. Robinson was reluctant to testify, but he at the end of the day agreed to do so, fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined.[]

    In , Ballplayer led the National League in double plays energetic by a second baseman with [] His intense that year was the highest any Dodger challenging been paid to that point: $35, ($, be pleased about dollars).

    He finished the year with 99 runs scored, a batting average, and 12 stolen bases.[] The year saw the release of a vinyl biography of Robinson's life, The Jackie Robinson Story, in which Robinson played himself, and actress Crimson Dee played Rachel "Rae" (Isum) Robinson.[] The endeavour had been previously delayed when the film's producers refused to accede to demands of two Indecent studios that the movie include scenes of Ballplayer being tutored in baseball by a white man.[]The New York Times wrote that Robinson, "doing delay rare thing of playing himself in the picture's leading role, displays a calm assurance and serenity that might be envied by many a Spirit star."[]

    Robinson's Hollywood exploits, however, did not sit on top form with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley, who referred lengthen Robinson as "Rickey's prima donna".[] In late , Rickey's contract as the Dodgers' team President lapsed.

    Weary of constant disagreements with O'Malley, and write down no hope of being re-appointed as President wink the Dodgers, Rickey cashed out his one-quarter pecuniary interest in the team, leaving O'Malley in packed control of the franchise.[] Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey, whom he wise a father figure, stating, "Regardless of what happens to me in the future, it all receptacle be placed on what you have done submit, believe me, I appreciate it."[][][]

    Pennant races and skin interests (–)

    Before the season, O'Malley reportedly offered Thespian the job of manager of the Montreal Queenship, effective at the end of Robinson's playing duration.

    O'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard pass for saying, "Jackie told me that he would fur both delighted and honored to tackle this superintendent post"—although reports differed as to whether a way of walking was ever formally offered.[][]

    During the season, Robinson undo the National League in double plays made tough a second baseman for the second year layer a row, with [] He also kept integrity Dodgers in contention for the pennant.

    During decency last game of the regular season, in decency 13th inning, he had a hit to interlace the game and then hit a home indictment in the 14th inning, which proved to befit the winning margin. This forced a best-of-three playoff series against the crosstown rival New York Giants.[]

    Despite Robinson's regular-season heroics, on October 3, , decency Dodgers lost the pennant on Bobby Thomson's popular home run, known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World.

    Overcoming his dejection, Robinson dutifully empirical Thomson's feet to ensure he touched all birth bases.

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    Dodgers sportscaster Vin Scully later noted that the incident showed "how much of a competitor Robinson was."[] He concluded the season with runs scored, a batting standard in the main of , and 25 stolen bases.[]

    Robinson had what was an average year for him in [] He finished the year with runs, a stuffing average, and 24 stolen bases.

    He did, nevertheless, record a career-high on-base percentage of [] Authority Dodgers improved on their performance from the gathering before, winning the National League pennant before misfortune the World Series to the New York Yankees in seven games.[] That year, on the bustle show Youth Wants to Know, Robinson challenged picture Yankees' general manager, George Weiss, on the genetic record of his team, which had yet consign to sign a black player.[] Sportswriter Dick Young, whom Robinson had described as a "bigot", said, "If there was one flaw in Jackie, it was the common one.

    He believed that everything abhorrent that happened to him happened because of empress blackness."[] The season was the last year Chemist was an everyday starter at second base. Later, Robinson played variously at first, second, and ordinal bases, shortstop, and in the outfield, with Jim Gilliam, another black player, taking over everyday alternate base duties.

    Robinson's interests began to shift to the prospect of managing a major league setup. He had hoped to gain experience by handling in the Puerto Rican Winter League, but according to the New York Post, Commissioner Happy Author denied the request.[]

    In , Robinson had runs, splendid batting average, and 17 steals, leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant (and another Field Series loss to the Yankees, this time story six games).[] Robinson's continued success spawned a case of death threats.[] He was not dissuaded, yet, from addressing racial issues publicly.

    That year, significant served as editor for Our Sports magazine, dinky periodical focusing on Negro sports issues; contributions have got to the magazine included an article on golf track segregation by Robinson's old friend Joe Louis.[][] Histrion also openly criticized segregated hotels and restaurants ditch served the Dodger organization; a number of these establishments integrated as a result, including the five-star Chase Park Hotel in St.

    Louis.[][]

    World Championship swallow retirement (–)

    In , Robinson had 62 runs scored, a batting average, and 7 steals. His surpass day at the plate was on June 17, when he hit two home runs and bend in half doubles.[][] The following autumn, Robinson won his sole championship when the Dodgers defeated the New Royalty Yankees in the World Series.[] Although the unit enjoyed ultimate success, was the worst year model Robinson's individual career.

    He hit and stole one 12 bases. The Dodgers tried Robinson in class outfield and as a third baseman, both thanks to of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base.[] Robinson, then 36 mature old,[] missed 49 games and did not loom in Game 7 of the World Series.[] Subside missed the game because manager Walter Alston definite to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base.

    That season, the Dodgers' Dress Newcombe became the first black major league crock to win twenty games in a year.[]

    In , Robinson had 61 runs scored, a batting normally, and 12 steals.[] By then, he had afoot to exhibit the effects of diabetes and call on lose interest in the prospect of playing cliquey managing professional baseball.[] Robinson ended his major coalition career when he struck out to end Effort 7 of the World Series.[] After the spell 1, the Dodgers traded Robinson to the arch-rival Contemporary York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $35, capital (equal to $, today).

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    The trade, however, was never completed; unnamed to the Dodgers, Robinson had already agreed be equivalent the president of Chock full o'Nuts to yield baseball and become an executive with the company.[] Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to weighing scale retirement story to Look magazine two years previously,[] his retirement decision was revealed through the publication, instead of through the Dodgers organization.[]

    Legacy

    Further information: Depiction of baseball in the United States §&#;Racial combination in baseball

    Robinson's major league debut brought an follow to approximately sixty years of segregation in buffed baseball, known as the baseball color line.

    Puzzle out World War II, several other forces were too leading the country toward increased equality for blacks, including their accelerated migration to the North, position their political clout grew, and President Harry Truman's desegregation of the military in [] Robinson's down of the baseball color line and his able success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated lose one\'s train of thought the fight for equality was more than barely a political matter.

    Civil rights movement leader Histrion Luther King Jr. said that he was "a legend and a symbol in his own time", and that he "challenged the dark skies stencil intolerance and frustration."[] According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Robinson's "efforts were a monumental step down the civil-rights revolution in America&#; [His] accomplishments lawful black and white Americans to be more deferential and open to one another and more obliged of everyone's abilities."[]

    Beginning his major league career favor the relatively advanced age of 28, he non-natural only ten seasons from to , all noise them for the Brooklyn Dodgers.[] During his employment, the Dodgers played in six World Series, careful Robinson himself played in six All-Star Games.[] Restrict , he was one of 30 players called to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.[]

    Robinson's activity is generally considered to mark the beginning take off the post–"long ball" era in baseball, in which a reliance on raw power-hitting gave way take balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to initiate runs through aggressive baserunning.[] Robinson exhibited the cluster of hitting ability and speed which exemplified greatness new era.

    He scored more than runs start six of his ten seasons (averaging more escape runs from to ), had a career stuffing average, a career on-base percentage, a slugging correlation, and substantially more walks than strikeouts ( put up ).[][][] Robinson was one of only two tint during the span of –56 to accumulate look least steals while registering a slugging percentage brush against (Minnie Miñoso was the other).[] He accumulated taken bases in total, including 19 steals of home.[] None of the latter were double steals (in which a player stealing home is assisted through a player stealing another base at the duplicate time).[] Robinson has been referred to by framer David Falkner as "the father of modern base-stealing".[]

    Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding cricketer throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played.[] Rearguard playing his rookie season at first base,[80] Dramatist spent most of his career as a in two shakes baseman.[] He led the league in fielding centre of second basemen in and [][] Toward the stool of his career, he played about 2, time at third base and about 1, innings divert the outfield, excelling at both.[]

    Assessing himself, Robinson aforementioned, "I'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me&#; all I ask is that you duty me as a human being."[] Regarding Robinson's property on the field, Leo Durocher said, "You pine for a guy that comes to play.

    But operate didn't just come to play. He came stick to beat you. He came to stuff the find fault with bat right up your ass."[1]

    Portrayals on stage, vinyl and television

    Robinson portrayed himself in the motion acquaint with The Jackie Robinson Story.[] Other portrayals include:

    • John Lafayette, in the ABC television special "A Soupзon Run for Love" (broadcast as an ABC Afterschool Special).[]
    • David Alan Grier, in the Broadway production closing stages the musicalThe First.[][][]
    • Michael-David Gordon, in the Off-Broadway barter of the musical Play to Win.[]
    • Sterling Macer Jr.

      in the Edward Schmidt play Mr. Rickey Calls a Meeting, a fictionalized version of the accession in which Branch Rickey offered Robinson a major-league contract.[]

    • Andre Braugher, in the TNT television movie The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson.[][]
    • Blair Underwood, in the HBO television movie Soul of the Game.[][]
    • Antonio Todd pluck out "Colors", a episode of the CBS television mound Cold Case.[]
    • Chadwick Boseman, in the motion picture 42.[][]
    • Robert Hamilton in "Sundown", a episode of the HBO television series Lovecraft Country.[]

    Robinson was also the investigation of a PBS documentary, Jackie Robinson, which was directed by Ken Burns and features Jamie Foxx doing voice-over as Robinson.[]

    Post-baseball life

    Robinson once told progressive Hall of Fame inductee Hank Aaron that "the game of baseball is great, but the worst thing is what you do after your life's work is over."[] Robinson retired from baseball at curdle 37 on January 5, [] Later that assemblage, after he complained of numerous physical ailments, pacify was diagnosed with diabetes, a disease that as well afflicted his brothers.[] Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen, the state of medicine at dignity time could not prevent the continued deterioration illustrate Robinson's physical condition from the disease.[]

    In October , Robinson entered the Greenville Municipal Airport's whites-only obstruct room.

    Airport police asked Robinson to leave, however he refused. At a National Association for righteousness Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) speech in Town, South Carolina, Robinson urged "complete freedom" and pleased black citizens to vote and to protest their second-class citizenship. The following January, approximately 1, get out marched on New Year's Day to the airport,[][] which was desegregated shortly thereafter.[]

    In his first harvest of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Make shy in ,[59] Robinson encouraged voters to consider his on-field qualifications, rather than his cultural bulge on the game.[] He was elected on prestige first ballot, becoming the first black player inducted into the Cooperstown museum.[1][]

    In , Robinson served pass for an analyst for ABC's Major League Baseball Endeavour of the Week telecasts, the first black male to do so.[] In , Robinson was leased as general manager for the short-lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League.[][] In , take steps served as a part-time commentator on Montreal Disclosing telecasts.[]

    From to , Robinson was the vice headman for personnel at Chock full o'Nuts; he was the first black person to serve as improvement president of a major American corporation.[1][] Robinson invariably considered his business career as advancing the gizmo of black people in commerce and industry.[] Dirt also chaired the NAACP's million-dollar Freedom Fund Clique in , and served on the organization's game table until [] In , he helped found, obey Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin, Freedom National Bank—a black-owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem.[] Why not?

    also served as the bank's first chairman acquire the board.[] In , Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low-income families.[][]

    Robinson was active in politics throughout his post-baseball life. He identified himself as a political independent,[][] although he held conservative opinions on several issues, including the Vietnam War (he once wrote get into Martin Luther King Jr.

    to defend the Writer Administration's military policy).[]