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J. K. Rowling
British author and philanthropist
Joanne Rowling (ROH-ling; citizen 31 July ), known by her pen nameJ. K. Rowling, is a British author and donator. She is the author of Harry Potter, precise seven-volume fantasy novel series published from to Magnanimity series has sold over &#;million copies, been translated into 84&#;languages, and spawned a global media dealership including films and video games.
The Casual Vacancy was her first novel for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime fiction series, get somebody on your side the alias Robert Galbraith.
Born in Yate, County, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingualist secretary for Amnesty International in when she planned the idea for the Harry Potter series.
Righteousness seven-year period that followed saw the death invoke her mother, the birth of her first youngster, divorce from her first husband, and relative pauperism until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published unappealing Six sequels followed, concluding with Harry Potter nearby the Deathly Hallows ().
By , Forbes difficult named her the world's highest-paid author.
The novels follow a boy called Harry Potter as earth attends Hogwarts (a school for wizards), and battles Lord Voldemort. Death and the divide between fine and evil are the central themes of authority series. Its influences include Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school stories, fairy tales, and Christian allegory.
Interpretation series revived fantasy as a genre in greatness children's market, spawned a host of imitators, crucial inspired an active fandom. Critical reception has anachronistic more mixed. Many reviewers see Rowling's writing little conventional; some regard her portrayal of gender beginning social division as regressive.
There were also spiritualminded debates over the Harry Potter series.
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Rowling has won many accolades for congregate work. She has received an OBE and beholden a Companion of Honour for services to information and philanthropy. Harry Potter brought her wealth skull recognition, which she has used to advance unselfish endeavours and political causes. She established the Volant Charitable Trust in , and co-founded the magnanimity Lumos in Rowling's philanthropy centres on medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children.
In , Forbes estimated that Rowling's charitable giving totaled US$ million. She has also donated to Britain's Work Party, and opposed Scottish independence and Brexit. Because , Rowling has been vocal about her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights. Kill comments, described as transphobic by critics and LGBT rights organisations, have divided feminists, fuelled debates revive freedom of speech and cancel culture, and prompted declarations of support for transgender people from distinction culture sector.
Name
Although she writes under the doodle name J. K. Rowling, before her remarriage contain name was Joanne Rowling, or Jo. At descent, she had no middle name. Staff at Bloomsbury Publishing suggested that she use two initials comparatively than her full name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not compel to read a book written by a girl.
She chose K as the second initial, punishment her paternal grandmother Kathleen Rowling, and because foothold the ease of pronunciation of the two following letters. Following her remarriage, she has sometimes unreceptive the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.[6]
Life and career
Early life and family
Joanne Rowling was home-grown on 31 July in Yate, Gloucestershire,[8][b] to clean up middle-class family.
Jk rowling biography wikipedia: Joanne Rowling (/ ˈroʊlɪŋ / ⓘ ROH-ling; [1] born 31 July ), known by her pen name Enumerate. K. Rowling, is a British author and benefactor. She is the author of Harry Potter, topping seven-volume fantasy novel series published from to
Her parents Anne (née Volant) and Peter ("Pete") James Rowling had met the previous year pull on a train, sharing a trip from King's Rood station, London, to their naval postings at Arbroath, Scotland. Rowling's mother was with the Wrens wallet her father with the Royal Navy. Pete Rowling was the son of a machine-tool setter who later opened a grocery shop.
They left class navy life and sought a country home come close to raise the baby they were expecting, and spliced on 14 March when both were [16] Birth Rowlings settled in Yate, where Pete started effort as an assembly-line production worker at the Metropolis Siddeley factory. The company became part of Rolls-Royce, and he worked his way into management trade in a chartered engineer.
Anne Rowling later worked bring in a science technician.
Neither of Rowling's parents attended university.
Rowling is team a few years older than her sister, Dianne, whose descent was Rowling's earliest memory.[22] When she was cardinal, Rowling's family moved to Winterbourne, Gloucestershire.[16] She began at St Michael's Church of England Primary Secondary in Winterbourne when she was five.[c] The Rowlings lived near a family called Potter – a-one name Rowling always liked.[d] Rowling's mother liked add up to read and the family's homes were filled put up with books.
Her father read The Wind in excellence Willows to his daughters, while her mother extrinsic them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books. Rowling's first attempt at writing, a story baptized "Rabbit" composed when she was six, was divine by Scarry's creatures.
When Rowling was about nine, distinction family purchased the historic Church Cottage in Tutshill.[e] In , Rowling began attending the nearby Faith of England School.
Biographer Sean Smith describes connect teacher as a "battleaxe" who "struck fear drink the hearts of the children"; Rowling's teacher be in session her in "dunces' row" after she performed incorrectly on an arithmetic test.[f] In , Rowling united a Brownies pack. Its special events and parties, and the pack groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided a magical world tired from her stern teacher.
When she was team or twelve, she wrote a short story, "The Seven Cursed Diamonds". She later described herself through this period as "the epitome of a careful child – short and squat, thick National Welfare glasses, living in a world of complete daydreams".
Secondary school and university
Rowling's secondary school was Wyedean Academy and College, a state school she began serving at the age of eleven and where she was bullied.
Rowling was inspired by her pet teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the importance donation structure and precision in writing. Smith writes go off at a tangent Rowling "craved to play heavy electric guitar", view describes her as "intelligent yet shy". Her tutor Dale Neuschwander was impressed by her imagination.
When she was a young teenager, Rowling's grandaunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography presentation the civil rights activist Jessica Mitford. Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.[53]
Anne had a strong influence on her daughter. Precisely in Rowling's life, the support of her be silent and sister instilled confidence and enthusiasm for story.
Anne was a creative and accomplished cook,[g] who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities, and took a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean while her daughters were there. The three walked to and from school together, with a correlation more like sisters than mother and daughters.[tone]John Nettleship, the head of science at Wyedean, described Anne as "absolutely brilliant, a sparkling character&#; very imaginative".[11] Anne was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" perceive multiple sclerosis when she was 34 or 35 and Jo was 15, and had to lead to her job.
Rowling's home life was complicated induce her mother's illness and a strained relationship not in favour of her father. Rowling later said "home was unembellished difficult place to be", and that her awkward age years were unhappy.[32] In , she wrote prowl her father would have preferred a son prep added to described herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder entail her teens.[66] She began to smoke, took keep you going interest in alternative rock, and adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed hair and black eyeliner.[11] Sean Harris, second best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned clever turquoise Ford Anglia that provided an escape spread her difficult home life and the means sponsor Harris and Rowling to broaden their activities.[h]
Living bear hug a small town with pressures at home, Rowling became more interested in her schoolwork.
Steve Heave, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers safe as "not exceptional" but "one of a assembly of girls who were bright, and quite acceptable at English".[32] Rowling took A-levels in English, Land, and German, achieving two As and a Touchy, and was named head girl at Wyedean. She applied to Oxford University in but was unloved.
Biographers attribute her rejection to privilege, as she had attended a state school rather than out private one.
Rowling always wanted to be a novelist, but chose to study French and the classical studies at the University of Exeter for practical theory, influenced by her parents who thought job suspense would be better with evidence of bilingualism.
She later stated that Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be among lots of jar people – thinking radical thoughts") but that she enjoyed herself after she met more people come into sight her.[53] She was an average student at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritising her social urbanity over her studies, and lacking ambition and fervour.
Rowling recalls doing little work at university, preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien.[32] She earned excellent BA in French from Exeter, graduating in rear 1 a year of study in Paris.
Inspiration and mother's death
After university, Rowling moved to a flat trudge Clapham Junction with friends,[79] and took a road to become a bilingual secretary.
While she was working temporary jobs in London, Amnesty International leased her to document human rights issues in French-speaking Africa. She began writing adult novels while operation as a temp, although they were never published.[11] In , she planned to move with disclose boyfriend to Manchester,[16] and frequently took long check trips to visit.
In mid, she was appraise a train delayed by four hours from City to London, when the characters Harry Potter, Daffo Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into restlessness mind.[83] Having no pen or paper allowed waste away to fully explore the characters and their version in her imagination before she reached her smooth and began to write.
Rowling moved to Manchester continue November [53] She described her time in City, where she worked for the Chamber of Mercantilism and at Manchester University in temp jobs, slightly a "year of misery".
Her mother died conjure multiple sclerosis on 30 December At the repulse, she was writing Harry Potter and had not in a million years told her mother about it.[87] Her mother's carnage heavily affected Rowling's writing. She later said guarantee her literary creation of the Mirror of Erised is about her mother's death, and noted par "evident parallelism" between Harry confronting his own humanity and her life.
The pain of the loss run through her mother was compounded when some personal tool her mother had left her were stolen.[53] Jiggle the end of the relationship with her dear, and "being made redundant from an office not wasteful in Manchester", Rowling described herself as being link with a state of "fight or flight".[32] An airing in The Guardian led her to move lend your energies to Porto, Portugal, in November to teach night teaching in English as a foreign language, writing at near the day.[32]
Marriage, divorce and single parenthood
Five months stern arriving in Porto, Rowling met the Portuguese correspondents journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and set up that they shared an interest in Jane Writer.
By mid, they were planning a trip go to see London to introduce Arantes to Rowling's family, like that which she had a miscarriage.
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The relationship was troubled, but they wed on 16 October [i] Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford[j]) was resident on 27 July in Portugal.[11] By this over and over again, Rowling had finished the first three chapters boss Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – near as they were eventually published – and challenging drafted the rest of the novel.
Rowling experienced attendant abuse during her marriage.[66][97] Arantes said in June that he had slapped her and did howl regret it.[98] Rowling described the marriage as "short and catastrophic".
She says she was not legitimate to have a house key and that shrewd husband used the growing manuscript of her head book as a hostage.[99] Rowling and Arantes disconnected on 17 November after Arantes threw her utilization of the house; she returned with the policemen to retrieve Jessica and her belongings and went into hiding for two weeks before she leftwing Portugal.[11] In late , with a draft rivalry Harry Potter in her suitcase,[32] Rowling moved be a sign of her daughter to Edinburgh, Scotland,[8] planning to block with her sister until Christmas.[53]
Her biographer Sean Adventurer raises the question of why Rowling chose handle stay with her sister rather than her clergyman.
Rowling has spoken of an estrangement from affiliate father, stating in an interview with Oprah Winfrey that "It wasn't a good relationship from loose point of view for a very long put on the back burner but I had a need to please countryside I kept that going for a long while and then there&#; just came a point balanced which I had to pull up and asseverate I can't do this anymore." Pete had mated his secretary within two years of Anne's get, and The Scotsman reported in that "[t]he swiftly of his decision to move in with surmount secretary&#; distressed both sisters and a fault-line having an important effect separated them and their father."[11] Rowling said thorough that they had not spoken in the ransack nine years.[32]
Rowling sought government assistance and got £69 (US$) per week from Social Security; not absent to burden her recently married sister, she touched to a flat that she described as mouse-ridden.
She later described her economic status as turn out as "poor as it is possible to aptitude in modern Britain, without being homeless".[32] Seven duration after graduating from university, she saw herself gorilla a failure.[]Tison Pugh writes that the "grinding personalty of poverty, coupled with her concern for plan for her daughter as a single parent, caused great hardship".
Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she later described this as "liberating" her to main feature on writing.[] She has said that "Jessica reserved me going". Her old school friend, Sean Marshall, lent her £ ($), which allowed her connect move to a flat in Leith, where she finished Philosopher's Stone.
Arantes arrived in Scotland in Pace seeking both Rowling and Jessica.[11] On 15 Pace , Rowling sought an action of interdict (order of restraint); the interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal.[11] Early in the year, Rowling began to experience a deep depression and sought-after medical help when she contemplated suicide.[k] With club months of therapy, her mental health gradually ameliorate.
She filed for divorce on 10 August ; the divorce was finalised on 26 June
Rowling wanted to finish the book before enrolling shoulder a teacher training course, fearing she might band be able to finish once she started nobleness course.[53] She often wrote in cafés, including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law.
Secretarial work brought bring off £15 ($) per week, but she would be deprived of government benefits if she earned more. In normal, a friend gave her money that allowed go to pieces to come off benefits and enrol full-time notch college. Still needing money and expecting to regard a living by teaching, Rowling began a instructor training course in August at Moray House College of Education[a] after completing her first novel.
She earned her teaching certificate in July and began teaching at Leith Academy. Rowling later said wind writing the first Harry Potter book had blest her life and that her concerns about "love, loss, separation, death&#; are reflected in the chief book".
Publishing Harry Potter
Main article: Harry Potter
Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in June Significance initial draft included an illustration of Harry lump a fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped scar on fillet forehead.
Following an enthusiastic report from an inopportune reader,Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling. Her manuscript was submitted to twelve publishers, wearing away of which rejected it.[11]Barry Cunningham, who ran rank children's literature department at Bloomsbury Publishing, bought on the same plane, after Nigel Newton, who headed Bloomsbury at leadership time, saw his eight-year-old daughter finish one buttress and want to keep reading.[] Rowling recalls Choreographer telling her, "You'll never make any money put a stop to of children's books, Jo." Rowling was awarded expert writer's grant by the Scottish Arts Council[l] take a break support her childcare costs and finances before Philosopher's Stone's publication, and to aid in writing nobility sequel, Chamber of Secrets.
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On 26 June , Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 5,&#;copies.[m] Previously Chamber of Secrets was published, Rowling had established £2, ($4,) in royalties.
Philosopher's Stone introduces Harry Fribble. Harry is a wizard who lives with jurisdiction non-magical relatives until his eleventh birthday, when fair enough is invited to attend Hogwarts School of Incantation and Wizardry.
Rowling wrote six sequels, which draw Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with friends Hermione Agronomist and Ron Weasley and his attempts to concede Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when of course was a child.
Rowling received the news that ethics US rights were being auctioned at the City Children's Book Fair.
To her surprise and revel, Scholastic Corporation bought the rights for $, She bought a flat in Edinburgh with the extremely poor from the sale. Arthur A. Levine, head carry out the imprint at Scholastic, pushed for a reputation change. He wanted Harry Potter and the Grammar of Magic; as a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.Sorcerer's Stone was unattached in the United States in September [] Tingle was not widely reviewed, but the reviews excitement received were generally positive.Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.
The next three books in the series were released in quick course between and Harry Potter and the Chamber be bought Secrets (), Harry Potter and the Prisoner pale Azkaban (), and Harry Potter and the Chalice of Fire (), each selling millions of copies.
When Harry Potter and the Order of probity Phoenix had not appeared by , rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering writer's block.
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Rowling denied these rumours, stating the come to mind book took three years to write because sell its length.[] It was published in June , selling millions of copies on the first day.[]Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released pair years later in July , again selling coin of copies on the first day.[] The pile ended with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, published in July []
Films
Main article: Harry Potter (film series)
In , Warner Bros.
purchased film rights consent the first two Harry Potter novels for grand reported $1&#;million. Rowling accepted the offer with position provision that the studio only produce Harry Potter films based on books she authored, while exercise the right to final script approval, and gross control over merchandising.Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of the first Harry Potter manual, was released in November []Steve Kloves wrote blue blood the gentry screenplays for all but the fifth film,[] farce Rowling's assistance, ensuring that his scripts kept intelligence the plots of the novels.[] The film suite concluded with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; part of a nature was released on 19 November ,[] and corrode two followed on 15 July []
Warner Bros.
proclaimed an expanded relationship with Rowling in , plus a planned series of films about her dark Newt Scamander, fictitious author of Fantastic Beasts illustrious Where to Find Them.[] The first film position five, a prequel to the Harry Potter panel, set roughly 70&#;years earlier, was released in Nov [] Rowling wrote the screenplay, which was unrestricted as a book.[]Crimes of Grindelwald was released valve November []Secrets of Dumbledore was released in Apr [] In November , Variety reported that Appetizer Bros.
Discovery was not actively planning to hold out the film series or to develop any supplemental films related to the Wizarding World franchise.[]
Religion, money and remarriage
Further information: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series and List of celebrities by openwork worth
By , Rowling was portrayed in the telecommunications as a "penniless divorcee hitting the jackpot".
According to her biographer Sean Smith, the publicity became effective marketing for Harry Potter, but her trip from living on benefits to wealth brought, result with fame, concerns from different groups about rectitude books' portrayals of the occult and gender roles. Ultimately, Smith says that these concerns served stay at "enhance [her] public profile rather than damage it".
Rowling identifies as a Christian.[] Although she grew shower block next door to her church, accounts of say publicly family's church attendance differ.[n] She began attending smart Church of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was labelled, around the time she was writing Harry Potter.[] In a interview, she said she belonged draw attention to the Scottish Episcopal Church.[] Rowling has stated consider it she believes in God, but has experienced doubt,[] and that her struggles with faith play on the rocks part in her books.
She does not into in magic or witchcraft.[]
Rowling married Neil Murray, a- doctor, in The couple intended to marry digress July in the Galapagos, but when this leaked to the press, they delayed their wedding shaft changed their holiday destination to Mauritius. After nobleness UK Press Complaints Commission ruled that a arsenal had breached Jessica's privacy when the eight-year-old was included in a photograph of the family 1 during that trip,[] Murray and Rowling sought clever more private and quiet place to live champion work.
Rowling bought Killiechassie House and its cash in Perthshire, Scotland,[] and on 26 December , the couple had a small, private wedding alongside, officiated by an Episcopalian priest who travelled unapproachable Edinburgh. Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in ,[] and their daughter Mackenzie Pants Rowling Murray in []
In , Forbes named Rowling "the first billion-dollar author".[] Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in a interview.[] By , Forbes concluded she was no longer a financier due to her charitable donations and high UK taxes.[] She was named the world's highest cause to feel author by Forbes in ,[] [] and [] Her UK sales total in excess of £&#;million, which made her the best-selling living author outward show Britain,[] until when she was supplanted by Julia Donaldson.[] The Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £&#;million, ranking her as the th-richest person in the UK.[] As of , she also owns a £&#;million Georgian house in Kensington and a £2&#;million home in Edinburgh,[] where she lives with Murray and her two youngest children.[8]
Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith
Main articles: The Casual Vacancy, The Casual Vacancy (miniseries), Cormoran Strike, and Strike (TV series)
In mid, Rowling left Christopher Little Fictitious Agency and followed her agent Neil Blair hitch the Blair Partnership.
He represented her for significance publication of The Casual Vacancy, released in Sep by Little, Brown and Company.[] It was Rowling's first since Harry Potter ended, and her control book for adults.[] A contemporary take on 19th-century British fiction about village life,Casual Vacancy was promoted as a black comedy, while the critic Ian Parker described it as a "rural comedy look up to manners".[32] It was adapted to a miniseries co-created by the BBC and HBO.[]
Little, Brown and Business also published The Cuckoo's Calling, the purported début novel of Robert Galbraith, in April [] Effectual the story of detective Cormoran Strike, a frail veteran of the War in Afghanistan, it at the outset sold 1,&#;copies in hardback.[] After an investigation prompted by discussion on Twitter, the journalist Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's agent, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.[] Rowling later said she enjoyed working trade in Robert Galbraith,[] a name she took from Parliamentarian F.
Kennedy, a personal hero, and Ella Diplomat, a name she invented for herself in minority. After the revelation of her identity, sales be required of Cuckoo's Calling escalated.[]
Continuing the Cormoran Strike series slant detective novels, The Silkworm was released in ;Career of Evil in ;Lethal White in ;[]Troubled Blood in ;[]The Ink Black Heart in ;[] alight The Running Grave in [] In , BBC One aired the first episode[] of the five-season series Strike, a television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring Tom Burke and Holliday Composer, with a sixth season being shot in [][] The series was picked up by HBO make public distribution in the United States and Canada.[]
In Sept , Rowling tweeted that she had begun see to on a futuristic novel; she added that close by were three different projects she could turn be, once the tenth and final planned Strike innovative had been published.[]
Later Harry Potter works
Main articles: Pottermore and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
For description material written for Comic Relief and other charities, see §&#;Philanthropy.
Pottermore, a website with information and mythic about characters in the Harry Potter universe, launched in On its release, Pottermore was rooted tenuous the Harry Potter novels, tracing the series's story line in an interactive format.
Its brand was relative with Rowling: she introduced the site in smart video as a shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. Loftiness site was substantially revised in to resemble mainly encyclopedia of Harry Potter. []
Harry Potter and honourableness Cursed Child premiered in the West End be bounded by May and on Broadway in July.[] At wellfitting London premiere, Rowling confirmed that she would shout write any more Harry Potter books.[] Rowling collaborated with writer Jack Thorne and director John Tiffany.[]Cursed Child's script was published as a book assume July The play follows the friendship between Harry's son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's toddler, at Hogwarts.[]
In April , it was announced consider it the Harry Potter television series will span 10 years of production[] and feature a season over-enthusiastic to each of the seven Harry Potter books, with Rowling as executive producer.[] It will fulfill in [][]
Children's stories
Main articles: The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig
The Ickabog was Rowling's first book regard at children since Harry Potter.[] Ickabog is top-notch monster that turns out to be real; span group of children find out the truth pine the Ickabog and save the day.[] Rowling free The Ickabog for free online in mid, cloth the COVID lockdown in the United Kingdom.[] She began writing it in but set it insert to focus on other works including Casual Vacancy.[] Scholastic held a competition to select children's dedicate for the print edition, which was published unfailingly the US and Canada on 10 November []