Who Was Dietrich Bonhoeffer? an AP Explainer About the Anti ...

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

German theologian and dissident anti-Nazi (–)

"Bonhoeffer" redirects regarding. For other people with the surname, see Theologizer (surname). For the film, see Bonhoeffer (film).

The Reverend

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Bonhoeffer in his garden in Berlin

Born()4 February

Breslau, Silesia, Prussia, Germany

Died9 April () (aged&#;39)

Flossenbürg, Bavaria, Germany

Cause&#;of deathExecution by hanging
EducationStaatsexamen (Tübingen), Doctor have a phobia about Theology (Berlin), Privatdozent (Berlin)
Alma&#;materUniversity of Tübingen
University of Berlin
Parents
RelativesKlaus Bonhoeffer (brother)
Hans von Dohnanyi (brother-in-law)
ReligionLutheranism
ChurchEvangelical Church of illustriousness old-Prussian Union (–)
Confessing Church (–)

Congregations served

Zion's Church organization, Berlin
German-speaking congregations of St.

Paul's and Dr., London

Offices held

Associate lecturer at Frederick William University promote to Berlin (–)
Student pastor at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin (now Technische Universität Berlin) (–)
Academic of Confessing Church candidates of pastorate in Finkenwalde (–)

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (German:[ˈdiːtʁɪçˈbɔnhøːfɐ]ⓘ; 4 February &#;– 9 Apr ) was a German Lutheran pastor, neo-orthodox saint and anti-Nazi dissident who was a key foundation member of the Confessing Church.

His writings be successful Christianity's role in the secular world have be seemly widely influential; his book The Cost of Discipleship is described as a modern classic.[1] Apart deprive his theological writings, Bonhoeffer was known for emperor staunch resistance to the Nazi dictatorship, including communication opposition to Adolf Hitler's euthanasia program and genocidal persecution of Jews.[2] He was arrested in Apr by the Gestapo and imprisoned at Tegel Also gaol for 1½ years.

Later, he was transferred hitch Flossenbürg concentration camp.

Bonhoeffer was accused of make the first move associated with the 20 July plot to annihilate Hitler and was tried along with other prisoner plotters, including former members of the Abwehr (the German Military Intelligence Office). He was hanged informer 9 April during the collapse of the Tyrannical regime.

Childhood and family

Bonhoeffer was born on 4 February in Breslau, Germany (now Poland), into clean up large family.[3] Dietrich had a twin sister, River Bonhoeffer Leibholz: he and Sabine were the 6th and seventh children out of eight.[4] His daddy was Karl Bonhoeffer, a psychiatrist and neurologist, notable for his criticism of Sigmund Freud;[5] his stop talking Paula Bonhoeffer was a teacher and the granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl von Hase and master Stanislaus von Kalckreuth.[6] Bonhoeffer's family dynamic and coronet parents' values enabled him to receive a elate level of education and encouraged his curiosity, which impacted his ability to lead others around him, specifically in the church setting.[7] He learned in spite of that to play the piano at age 8 present-day composed the songs performed at the Philharmonic pressgang age [8] Walter Bonhoeffer, the second born corporeal the Bonhoeffer family, was killed in action by World War I when Bonhoeffer was 12 adulthood old.[9]

At age 14, Bonhoeffer decided to pursue emperor education in theology despite the criticism of coronet older brothers Klaus (a lawyer) and Karl (a scientist).[10] He took Hebrew as an elective pimple school and attended many evangelical meetings, moved vulgar the many sufferings that resulted from war much as food insecurity and orphaned children.[11] Bonhoeffer began his studies at Tübingen and eventually moved rap over the knuckles the University of Berlin, where he submitted consummate successful dissertation: "Sanctorum Communio."[12] At age 21, violent 17 December , he went on to draw to a close his Doctor of Theology degree from Humboldt Further education college of Berlin, graduating summa cum laude.[13]

Early life

Studies shoulder America

In , Bonhoeffer moved to America with excellence intent of attaining a Sloane Fellowship at Additional York City's Union Theological Seminary.[14] Bonhoeffer was awfully unimpressed with American theology.

He described the lecture as lacking interest in theology and would "laugh out loud" when learning a passage from Comedian Luther's "Sin and Forgiveness."[15] During his time at hand, he met Frank Fisher, a black seminarian who introduced him to the Abyssinian Baptist Church orders Harlem, where Bonhoeffer taught Sunday school and try a lifelong love for the African-American church.[16] Let go heard Adam Clayton Powell Sr.

preach the "Gospel of Social Justice" and became sensitive to glory social injustices experienced by racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. as well as the awkwardness of churches to bring about integration.[17] Through demoralized Negro churches, he was captivated by the sermons, and he formed the belief that God's commandments were carried out.[18] The originally nationalist Bonhoeffer[19] subsequent changed his views after seeing All Quiet shove the Western Front,[20] which shows the horrors invoke war.[21] Later in life he favored the views of pacifism because of love for all most recent a high value on each individual life.

Theologizer became involved with the ecumenical Christian movement, which eventually led him to resist Adolf Hitler president the Nazis.[22]

Return to Germany

After returning to Germany pointed , Bonhoeffer became a lecturer in systematic bailiwick at the University of Berlin.

Deeply interested instruct in ecumenism, he was appointed by the World Combination for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches (a forerunner of the World Council of Churches) by reason of one of its three European youth secretaries. Learn this time he seems to have undergone topping personal conversion, as he changed from being spruce theologian primarily attracted to the intellectual side spick and span Christianity, to being a dedicated man of wildcat faith, resolved to literally carry out the principle of Christ, revealed in the Gospels.[24] On 15 November , at age 25, he was dictated at Old-Prussian UnitedSt.

Matthew&#;[de] in Berlin-Tiergarten.

Anti-Nazism

Bonhoeffer's make threats academic and ecclesiastical career was dramatically knocked go missing course by the Nazi ascent to power swagger 30 January He was a determined opponent slant the regime from its first days. Two age after Hitler was installed as chancellor, Bonhoeffer uninhibited a radio address in which he attacked Tyrant and warned Germany against slipping into an disrespectful cult of the führer (leader), who could bargain well turn out to be verführer (misleader, seducer).

His broadcast was abruptly cut off, though douche is unclear whether the newly elected Nazi system was responsible.[25] In April , Bonhoeffer raised prestige first voice for church resistance to Hitler's ordeal of Jews, declaring that the church must snivel simply "bandage the victims under the wheel, on the contrary jam a spoke in the wheel itself."[26]

In Nov , two months before the Nazi takeover, present had been an election for presbyters and synodals (church officials) of the German Landeskirche (Protestant mainstream churches).

This election was marked by a labour within the Old-Prussian Union Protestant Church between nobility pro-Nazi Deutsche Christen (German Christian) movement and Adolescent Reformers, who were interested in following the Doctrine teachings of Jesus—a struggle that threatened to fulminate into schism. In July , Hitler unconstitutionally constrained new church elections.

Bonhoeffer put all his efforts into the election, campaigning for the selection do in advance independent, non-Nazi officials who were dedicated to pursuing Christ.

Despite Bonhoeffer's efforts, in the July choice an overwhelming number of key church positions went to the Deutsche Christen.[27] The Deutsche Christen won a majority in the Old-Prussian general synod extort all its provincial synods except Westphalia, and come to terms with synods of all other Protestant church bodies, prep also except for for the Lutheran churches of Bavaria, Hanover, enjoin Württemberg.

The anti-Nazi Christian opposition regarded these tribe as uncorrupted "intact churches", as opposed to interpretation other so-called "destroyed churches".

In opposition to Nazification, Bonhoeffer urged an interdict to stop offering mesmerize pastoral ceremonial services (baptisms, confirmations, weddings, funerals, etc.), but Karl Barth and others advised against much a radical proposal.[28] In August , Bonhoeffer last Hermann Sasse were deputized by opposition church forerunners to draft the "Bethel Confession,"[29] as a declaration of faith in opposition to the Deutsche Name movement.

Notable for affirming God's fidelity to Jews as His chosen people, the "Bethel Confession" was eventually so watered down to make it enhanced palatable that ultimately Bonhoeffer refused to sign it.[30]

In September , the nationalist church synod at Wittenberg voluntarily passed a resolution to apply the Caucasian paragraph within the church, meaning that pastors vital church officials of Jewish descent were to assign removed from their posts.

Regarding this as cease affront to the principle of baptism, Martin Niemöller founded the Pfarrernotbund (Pastors' Emergency League). In Nov, a rally of 20, Deutsche Christens demanded birth removal of the Jewish Old Testament from position Bible, which was seen by many as impiety, further swelling the ranks of the Pastors Extremity League.[31]

Within weeks of its founding, more than orderly third of German pastors had joined the Straits League.

It was the forerunner of the Bekennende Kirche (Confessing Church), which aimed to preserve verifiable, Biblically based Christian beliefs and practices.[32] The Barmen Declaration, drafted by Barth in May and adoptive by the Confessing Church, insisted that Christ, slogan the führer, is the head of the Church.[33] The adoption of the declaration has often antiquated viewed as a triumph, although only about 20% of German pastors supported the Confessing Church.[34]

Ministries bear hug London

When Bonhoeffer was offered a parish post disclose eastern Berlin in the autumn of , forbidden refused it in protest at the Nationalist method, and he accepted a two-year appointment as straighten up pastor of two German-speaking Protestant churches in London: the German Lutheran Church in Dacres Road, Sydenham,[33][35] and the German Reformed Church of St Paul's, Goulston Street, Whitechapel.[36][37] He explained to Barth turn this way he had found little support for his views on devotion to literally following the words pills Jesus—even among friends—and that "it was about hour to go for a while into the desert." Barth regarded this as running away from uncomplicated real battle.

He sharply rebuked Bonhoeffer, saying, "I can only reply to all the reasons turf excuses which you put forward: 'And what disposition now happen to the people of the European Church?'" Barth accused Bonhoeffer of abandoning his mail and wasting his "splendid theological armory" while "the house of your church is on fire", attend to chided him to return to Berlin "by say publicly next ship".[38]

Bonhoeffer, however, did not go to England simply to avoid trouble at home; he hoped to put the ecumenical movement to work soupзon the interest of the Confessing Church.

He extended his involvement with the Confessing Church, running inflate a high telephone bill to maintain his pat with Martin Niemöller. In international gatherings, Bonhoeffer rallied people to oppose the Deutsche Christen movement dispatch its attempt to amalgamate Nazi nationalism with Faith.

Bonhoeffer movie

When Bishop Theodor Heckel&#;[de]—the official stop in full flow charge of German Lutheran Church foreign affairs—traveled leak London to warn Bonhoeffer to abstain from teeming ecumenical activity not directly authorized by Berlin, Theologist refused to abstain.[39]

Underground seminaries

In , Bonhoeffer was offered a coveted opportunity to study non-violent opposition under Mahatma Gandhi in his ashram.

However, discovery Barth's rebuke, Bonhoeffer decided to return to Frg instead, where he was the head at brush underground seminary in Finkenwalde for training Confessing Sanctuary pastors. As the Nazi suppression of the Reply Church intensified, Barth was driven back to Suisse in ; Niemöller was arrested in July ; and in August , Bonhoeffer's authorization to coach at the University of Berlin was revoked pinpoint he was denounced as a "pacifist and conflicting of the state" by Theodor Heckel.

Bonhoeffer's efforts for the underground seminaries included securing necessary corroborate.

He found a great benefactor in Ruth von Kleist-Retzow. In times of trouble, Bonhoeffer's former lesson and their wives would take refuge in von Kleist-Retzow's Pomeranian estate, and Bonhoeffer was a everyday guest. Later he fell in love with Kleist-Retzow's granddaughter, Maria von Wedemeyer,[40] to whom he became engaged three months before his arrest in Close to August , SS leader Heinrich Himmler had certain the education and examination of Confessing Church administration candidates illegal.

In September , the Gestapo concluded the seminary at Finkenwalde, and by November 27 pastors and former students were arrested. It was around this time that Bonhoeffer published his best-known book, The Cost of Discipleship, a study confusion the Sermon on the Mount in which purify attacked "cheap grace" as a cover for virtuous laxity against the virtues of "costly grace".

Bonhoeffer spent the next two years secretly traveling escape one eastern German village to another to manner a "seminary on the run" supervising the undying education and work of his students, most disregard whom were working illegally in small parishes advantaged the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania.

The von Blumenthal family hosted the underground seminary on take the edge off estate of Groß Schlönwitz. The pastors of Groß Schlönwitz and neighbouring villages supported the education be expeditious for young men who voluntarily housed these seminarians (among whom was Eberhard Bethge, who later became climax best friend and edited Bonhoeffer's Letters and Annals from Prison) and employing them as vicars domestic animals their congregations.[41]

In , the Gestapo banned Bonhoeffer raid Berlin.

In the summer of , the approach was able to move to Sigurdshof, an remote estate (Vorwerk) of the von Kleist family check Wendisch Tychow. In March , the Gestapo confine down the underground seminary there following the rebellion of World War II.[41] Bonhoeffer's semi-monastic communal plainspoken and teaching at the underground Finkenwalde seminary erudite the basis of his books, The Cost have available Discipleship and Life Together.

  • Clear
  • Dietrich Bonhoeffer biography. Germanic theologian
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  • Biographies of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: An Ongoing Review tolerate Guide
  • The Troubling Truth About Bonhoeffer’s Theology

    • Bonhoeffer's cultivate, Sabine, along with her Jewish-classified husband Gerhard Leibholz and their two daughters, escaped to England strong way of Switzerland in [42]

    Return to the Coalesced States

    In February , Bonhoeffer made an initial pat with members of the German resistance when queen brother-in-law Hans von Dohnányi introduced him to pure group seeking Hitler's overthrow at the Abwehr, influence German military intelligence service.

    Bonhoeffer also learned exaggerate Dohnányi that war was imminent. He was largely troubled by the prospect of being conscripted. Monkey a committed Christian pacifist opposed to the Absolute regime, he could never swear an oath harmonious Hitler and would never commit any violence put to sleep fight in Hitler's army, though refusal to controversy so was potentially a capital offense.

    He thoughtful also about consequences his refusing military service could have for the Confessing Church, as it was a move that would be frowned upon surpass most nationalist Christians and their churches at excellence time.[39]

    It was at this juncture that Bonhoeffer formerly larboard for the United States in June at prestige invitation of Union Theological Seminary in New Royalty.

    After much inner turmoil, he soon regretted her majesty decision and returned after only two weeks[43] disdain strong pressures from his friends to stay atmosphere the United States. He wrote to Reinhold Niebuhr:

    I have come to the conclusion that Hilarious made a mistake in coming to America that time. I must live through this difficult date in our national history along with the be sociable of Germany.

    I will have no right form participate in the reconstruction of Christian life delight in Germany after the war if I do howl share the trials of this time with futile people&#; Christians in Germany will have to combat the terrible alternative of either willing the yell of their nation in order that a later Christian civilization may survive, or else willing justness victory of their nation and thereby destroying spend civilization and any true Christianity.

    I know which of these alternatives I must choose but Distracted cannot make that choice from a place pay money for security.[44]

    Abwehr agent

    Back in Germany, Bonhoeffer was further downtrodden by the Nazi authorities as he was impermissible to speak in public and was required unsystematically to report his activities to the police.

    Bring to fruition , he was forbidden to print or disapprove of publish anything. In the meantime, Bonhoeffer had one the Abwehr.

    Arkan disziplin bonhoeffer biography

    Dohnányi, as of now part of the Abwehr, brought him into nobleness organization on the claim that his wide catholic contacts would be of use to Germany, in this manner protecting him from conscription to active service.[45] Theologian presumably knew about various plots against Hitler have dealings with Dohnányi, who was actively involved in the planning.[45] In the face of Nazi atrocities against dignity Jews and other minorities, the full scale scholarship which Bonhoeffer learned through the Abwehr, he at an end that "the ultimate question for a responsible human race to ask is not how he is support extricate himself from this whole affair, but extent the coming generation shall continue to survive ahead live for Truth."[46] He did not justify surmount action but wrote, "When a man takes crime upon himself in responsibility, he imputes his guiltiness to himself and no one else.

    He bandaids for it Before other men he is just by dire necessity; before himself he is holder by his conscience, but before God he plan only for grace."[47] (In a sermon, Bonhoeffer aforementioned, "The blood of martyrs might once again assign demanded, but this blood, if we really be born with the courage and loyalty to shed it, drive not be innocent, shining like that of picture first witnesses for the faith.

    On our division lies heavy with guilt, the guilt of righteousness unprofitable servant who is cast into outer darkness."[48])

    Under cover of the Abwehr, Bonhoeffer served despite the fact that a courier for the German resistance movement get into the swing reveal its existence and intentions to the Novel Allies in hope of garnering their support.

    Loot his ecumenical contacts abroad, he hoped to strap possible peace terms with the Allies for a-okay post-Hitler government. In May , he met Protestant Bishop George Bell of Chichester, a member comprehend the House of Lords and an ally bring into play the Confessing Church, contacted by Bonhoeffer's exiled brother-in-law Leibholz; through him feelers were sent to Country Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden.

    However, the British direction ignored these, as it had all other approaches from the German resistance, considering all Germans comparable with be the enemy.[49] In addition, British war approach was to conduct area bombing of civilian cities, which Bell opposed, a view that had follow unpopular in Britain.

    Dohnányi and Bonhoeffer were too involved in Abwehr operations to help German Jews escape to Switzerland. During this time, Bonhoeffer spurious on his book Ethics and wrote letters display keep up the spirits of his former division. He intended Ethics as his magnum opus, on the other hand it remained unfinished when he was arrested.

    Congress 5 April Bonhoeffer and Dohnányi were arrested meticulous imprisoned.

    Imprisonment

    On 13 January Bonhoeffer had become promised to Maria von Wedemeyer, the granddaughter of empress close friend and Finkenwalde seminary supporter, Ruth von Kleist Retzow. Ruth had campaigned for this alliance for several years, although up until late Oct , Bonhoeffer remained a reluctant suitor despite Pity being part of his innermost circle.

    He accounted that his responsibilities during wartime made it representation wrong time to marry.[50] A large age free space loomed between Bonhoeffer and Maria: he was 36 to her Bonhoeffer had first met her conj at the time that she was his confirmation student at age [51] As was considered proper at the time, position two had spent almost no time together solitary prior to the engagement and did not musical each other between becoming engaged and Bonhoeffer's 5 April arrest.

    Once he was in prison, on the contrary, Maria's status as his fiancée became invaluable, gorilla it meant she could visit Bonhoeffer and conform with him. While their relationship was troubled,[52] she was a source of food and smuggled messages.[53] Bonhoeffer made Eberhard Bethge his heir, but Tree, in allowing her correspondence with Bonhoeffer to lay at somebody's door published after her death, provided an invaluable along with to this scholarship.

    For a year and spiffy tidy up half, Bonhoeffer was imprisoned at Tegel Prison undecided trial. There he continued his work in scrupulous outreach among his fellow prisoners and guards. Likable guards helped smuggle his letters out of oubliette to Bethge and others, and these uncensored longhand were posthumously published in Letters and Papers wean away from Prison.

    One of those guards, a corporal entitled Knobloch, even offered to help him escape pass up the prison and "disappear" with him, and terms were made for that end; eventually Bonhoeffer declined it, fearing Nazi retribution against his family, remarkably his brother Klaus and brother-in-law Dohnányi, who was also imprisoned.[54]

    On 4 April , the diaries finance Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, head of the Abwehr, were discovered, and in a rage upon reading them, Hitler ordered that the other Abwehr members remedy executed.[55] Bonhoeffer was led away just as be active concluded his final Sunday service and asked type English prisoner, Payne Best, to remember him weather Bell if Best should ever reach his home: "This is the end—but for me it obey the beginning of Life!"[56]

    Execution

    Bonhoeffer was sentenced to demise on 8 April by SS judge Otto Thorbeck at a drumhead court-martial without witnesses, without friendship evidence against him, with no records of probity proceedings or a defense.[57] He was executed mass Flossenbürg concentration camp by hanging at dawn interrupt 9 April Bonhoeffer was stripped of his accumulation and led naked into the execution yard site he was hanged with five others: Canaris; Accepted Hans Oster, Canaris's deputy; General Karl Sack, unornamented military jurist; lawyer Theodor Strünck; and German refusal fighter Ludwig Gehre.

    Eberhard Bethge, a scholar and close friend of Bonhoeffer, writes of unadulterated man who saw the execution:

    I saw Parson Bonhoeffer kneeling on the floor praying fervently test God. I was most deeply moved by glory way this lovable man prayed, so devout charge so certain that God heard his prayer. Parallel the place of execution, he again said clean up short prayer and then climbed the few tree to the gallows, brave and composed.

    His grip ensued after a few seconds.

    Biographies of Singer Bonhoeffer: An Ongoing Review and Guide: Dietrich Theologist (German: [ˈdiːtʁɪç ˈbɔnhøːfɐ] ⓘ; 4 February – 9 April ) was a German Lutheran pastor, neo-orthodox theologian and anti-Nazi dissident who was a pale founding member of the Confessing Church.

    In righteousness almost fifty years that I worked as deft doctor, I have hardly ever seen a bloke die so entirely submissive to the will publicize God.[56]

    This is the historical account of Bonhoeffer's discourteous, which over the decades went unchallenged;[58] however, remorseless recent biographers see problems with the story in that of Bethge's source.

    The purported witness was deft doctor at Flossenbürg concentration camp, Hermann Fischer-Hüllstrung,[59] who may have wished to minimize the suffering disregard the condemned men to reduce his own charge in their executions[citation needed]. J.L.F. Mogensen, a grass prisoner at Flossenbürg, cited the length of always it took for the execution to be fit (almost six hours), plus departures from camp modus operandi that may not have been allowed to prisoners so late in the war, as jarring inconsistencies.

  • Biographies of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: An Ongoing Review roost Guide
  • Who Was Dietrich Bonhoeffer? an AP Explainer Dig up the Anti ...

    • Considering that the sentences difficult been confirmed at the highest levels of Fascist government, by individuals with a pattern of persecution prisoners who dared to challenge the regime, Craig J. Slane posits that "the physical details draw round Bonhoeffer's death may have been much more unruly than we earlier had imagined."[60]

    Other recent critics engage in the traditional account are more caustic.

    It besides appears in some instances that "Fischer-Hüllstrung had back number given the job of reviving political prisoners aft they had been hanged until they were wellnigh dead, in order to prolong the agony diagram their dying." Another critic charges that Fischer-Hüllstrung's "subsequent statement about Bonhoeffer as kneeling in wordy plea belongs to the realm of legend," although broke evidence to the contrary.

    The disposition of Bonhoeffer's relic is not known.

    His body may have antique cremated outside the camp along with hundreds disruption other recently executed or dead prisoners, or Earth troops may have placed his body in separate of several mass graves in which they in the grave the unburied dead of the camp.

    Legacy

    Bonhoeffer is onwards in the liturgical calendars of several Christian denominations on the anniversary of his death, 9 Apr.

    This includes many parts of the Anglican Accord, where he is sometimes identified as a martyr[65][66] and other times not.[67][68][69] His commemoration in say publicly liturgical calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church come out of America uses the liturgical color of white,[70] which is typically used for non-martyred saints.[71][72][73] In , the General Conference of the United Methodist Service, which does not enumerate saints, officially recognized Theologian as a "modern-day martyr".

    He was the cap martyr to be so recognized who lived tail the Reformation and is one of only pair as of [74][75][76][77] Bonhoeffer is remembered in blue blood the gentry Church of England with a commemoration on 9 April.[78]

    The Deutsche Evangelische Kirche in Sydenham, London, attractive which he preached between and , was dissipated by bombing in A replacement church was serve as in and named Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Kirche in his honor.[79]

    Dietrich Bonhoeffer's text 'Von guten Mächten' (translated as 'By Gentle' or 'By Gracious Powers') is known to unornamented large audience as a worship song.

    The concert is often sung at funerals. In it was voted the most popular hymn in Germany. Influence best-known melody was written by Siegfried Fietz tidy

    Theological legacy

    Bonhoeffer's theology is subject to diverse dowel contradictory interpretations, sometimes necessarily based on speculation be glad about example, while his Christocentric approach appeals to right-wing, confession-minded Protestants, other commentators note his commitment hint at justice, and ideas about "religionless Christianity".[80] He as well argued that Christians should not retreat from honesty world but act within it.

    He believed prowl two elements were constitutive of faith: the carrying out of justice and the acceptance of divine suffering.[81]

    His book The Cost of Discipleship famously discusses picture concept of cheap grace against costly grace.[82] Why not? contends that Christians have relied so much perfectly Christ's forgiveness that they do not challenge human being enough in actually following his word to their best ability, instead relying on God's grace censure save them when they fall.[82][page&#;needed] Bonhoeffer says meander Christians are instructed to strive to follow goodness Word of God.

    Only then – after they strive to the best of their ability – should God's grace come into play.[82][page&#;needed] He variety cheap grace with costly grace, writing:

    Cheap ease is the grace we bestow on ourselves. Worthless grace is the preaching of forgiveness without requiring repentance, baptism without church discipline, Communion without broadcast, absolution without personal confession.

    Cheap grace is stomachturning without discipleship, grace without the cross, grace pass up Jesus Christ, living and incarnate.&#;[] Costly grace laboratory analysis the gospel which must be sought again title again, the gift which must be asked manner, the door at which a man must knock. Such grace is costly because it calls revered to follow, and it is grace because replicate calls us to follow Jesus Christ.

    It hype costly because it costs a man his walk, and it is grace because it gives great man the only true life. It is highpriced because it condemns sin, and grace because parade justifies the sinner. Above all, it is costly because it cost God the life of realm Son&#;[][82]:&#;47–8&#;

    Continuing with this idea, Bonhoeffer discusses the ample of simple obedience.[82] He admonishes Christians who induce too quickly to the conclusion that God could not possibly have meant his commands literally.[82]:&#;88&#; Theologiser cites the example of the rich man who asks Jesus how he can enter the area of heaven.

    He writes that people often purely assume that Jesus did not mean literally be required to leave everything and follow him and that by way of alternative it was a matter of faith or uncluttered command to be inwardly detached.[82]:&#;87–9&#; Bonhoeffer writes digress God says exactly what he means and go off at a tangent Christians need to follow simple obedience to him by following divine commands as they are written.[82] He writes "only he who believes is observant, and only he who is obedient believes".[82]:&#;69&#;

    Years rearguard Bonhoeffer's death, some, such as Protestant theologian Socialist Altizer and Jewish religious scholar Richard L.

    Rubenstein, developed his critique into a thoroughgoing attack overwhelm traditional Christianity in the "Death of God" bad humor, which briefly attracted the attention of the mainstream culture in the mids. However, some critics—such laugh Jacques Ellul—have charged that those radical interpretations robust Bonhoeffer's insights amount to a grave distortion, range Bonhoeffer did not mean to say that Spirit no longer had anything to do with the masses and had become a mere cultural artifact.

    Improved recent Bonhoeffer interpretations are more cautious in that regard, respecting the parameters of the neo-orthodox secondary to which he belonged.[83] Bonhoeffer also influenced blue blood the gentry Comboni missionary Father Ezechiele Ramin.[84][85]

    Portrayals in media

    Books

    • Nonfiction
      • Bethge, E.; Barnett, V.J.

        (). Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography. Fortress Press. ISBN&#;.

      • Marsh, Charles (). Strange glory: uncut life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. New York: Knopf. ISBN&#;.
      • Schlingensiepen, Ferdinand (). Dietrich Bonhoeffer, – Martyr, Thinker, Adult of Resistance. Continuum/T & T Clark. ISBN&#;.
      • Root, Topping.

        (). Bonhoeffer as Youth Worker: A Theological Visualize for Discipleship and Life Together. Baker Publishing Superiority. ISBN&#;.

      • Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Theologian, Christian, Man help out His Times: A Biography, rev. ed. (Minneapolis, Fastness Press, )
      • Trey Palmisano (author), Reinhard Krauss (foreword), Peace and Violence in the Ethics of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: An Analysis of Method (Wipf & Stock, ).

        ISBN&#;

      • Diane Reynolds, The Doubled Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Wipf & Stock, )
      • Keith Clements, Bonhoeffer and Britain (Churches Together in Britain and Ireland, ). ISBN&#;
      • DeJonge, Michael P. (), Bonhoeffer's Theological Formation: Berlin, Theologist, and Protestant Theology, Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;
      • DeJonge, Archangel P.

        (), Bonhoeffer's Reception of Luther, Oxford Sanatorium Press, ISBN&#;

      • DeJonge, Michael P. (), Bonhoeffer on Resistance: The Word against the Wheel, Oxford University Tangible, ISBN&#;
      • Frick, Peter, ed. (), Bonhoeffer's Intellectual Formation: Discipline and Philosophy in His Thought, Mohr Siebeck, ISBN&#;
      • Donald Goddard, The Last Days of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Musician and Roe,, ISBN&#;
      • Stephen R.

        Haynes,The Bonhoeffer Legacy: Post-Holocaust Perspectives (Fortress Press, ). ISBN&#;

      • Geffrey B. Kelly & F. Burton Nelson (editors), A Testament to Freedom: The Essential Writings of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Harper San Francisco, ) ISBN&#;
      • Michael J. Martin, Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

        Bonhoeffer biography by eric metaxas

        Champion of Freedom playoff. (Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ). ISBN&#; Winner of Wilbur Award for Best Book, Youth Audiences.

      • John W. Matthews, Bonhoeffer: A Brief Overview of the Life splendid Writings of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Lutheran University Press, )
      • John A. Moses, The Reluctant Revolutionary: Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Fasten with Prusso-German History (New York/Oxford: Berghahn, )
      • Metaxas, Eric, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy. (Nashville: Thomas Admiral, ) ISBN
      • Nation, Mark Thiessen; Siegrist, Anthony G.; Umbel, Daniel P.

        (). Bonhoeffer the Assassin? Harsh the Myth, Recovering His Call to Peacemaking. Baker Grand Rapids. ISBN&#;.

      • Plant, Stephen (), Bonhoeffer, Continuum Cosmopolitan Publishing, ISBN&#;.
      • Robertson, Edwin (), The Shame and influence Sacrifice: The Life and Teaching of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN&#;.
      • Robertson, Edwin (), Bonhoeffer's Legacy: The Christian Way in a World Without Religion, Collier Books, ISBN&#;.
      • Schlingensiepen, Ferdinand (), Dietrich Bonhoeffer , Martyr, Thinker, Man of Resistance, Bloomsbury, ISBN&#;.
      • Kenneth Negligent.

        George Bell. S.C.M. Press, ISBN

      • Reggie L. Colonist, Bonhoeffer's Black Jesus: Harlem Renaissance Theology and brush Ethic of Resistance (Baylor University Press, ). ISBN&#;
    • Fiction
      • Denise Giardina, Saints and Villains (Ballantine Books, ). ISBN&#; A Fictional Account of Bonhoeffer's life.
      • Mary Glazener, The Cup of Wrath: The Story of Vocalizer Bonhoeffer's Resistance to Hitler (Frederic C.

        Beil, ). ISBN&#;

      • Daniel Jándula, El Reo (Tarragona: Ediciones Noufront, ). ISBN&#;
      • George Mackay Brown, Magnus (Hogarth Press, )
      • Simon Philosopher, All Who Came Before (Wipf and Stock, )
      • Elizabeth Strout. Abide with me (Simon and Schuster UK Ltd )

    Films

    • Dr.

      John F. Boogaert, director (), Bonhoeffer, A Life of Challenge, US: Panagraph.

    • Beller, Hava Kohav (). "The Restless Conscience".

      Bonhoeffer quotes

      US. Archived from the original on 14 January Retrieved 19 December .

    • A View From The Underside&#;– The Estate of Dietrich Bonhoeffer&#;– Al Staggs,
    • Hanged on ingenious Twisted Cross ()[86] T.N. Mohan,
    • Bonhoeffer: Agent exhaust Grace&#;[de] () Eric Till, PBS,
    • Bonhoeffer[87]&#;– Martin Doblmeier,
    • "Come Before Winter" () Produced by Dr.

      Metropolis Blount, directed by Kevin Ekvall.

    • Bonhoeffer () distributed unresponsive to Angel Studios. Written and directed by Todd Komarnicki.

    Plays

    • Lies, Love and Hitler[88]&#;– an Australian play written through Elizabeth Avery Scott. Premiered at The Street Stage play, Canberra, Australia (directed by P.J.

      Williams).

    • Bonhoeffer&#;– a era written and performed by South African playwright, human being and human rights activist Peter Krummeck (directed indifference Christopher Weare) and premiered at Capitol Hill alter Washington DC during the week commemorating the Important Anniversary of 9/[89]
    • Bonhoeffer&#;– an American play by Tim Jorgenson, available in a print edition (Xulon Tamp, ISBN&#;), premiered in at the Acacia Theatre Enterprise, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
    • Bonhoeffer[90]&#;– a Finnish monologue play written crucial performed by Timo Kankainen and directed by Eija-Irmeli Lahti, premiered in January at the Seinäjoki genius theatre.
    • Personal Honor: Suggested by the Life of Vocalist Bonhoeffer&#;– by Nancy Axelrad and performed by picture Ricks-Weil Theatre Company (directed by Thom Johnson), premiered 1 May at the H.J.

      Ricks Centre take possession of the Arts in Greenfield, Indiana.

    • The Beams are Creaking&#;– an American play by Douglas Anderson, Baker's Plays, Boston (ISBN&#;). Premiered at Case Western University listed October Won the Marc A. Klein Playwright Premium and Wichita State National Playwright Competition that identical year.
    • Bonhoeffer's Cost&#;– Mary Ruth Clarke with Timothy Hildebrand, presented by Provision Theatre, Chicago, 17 September&#;– 30 October
    • True Patriot&#;– BBC2 Play of picture Week (TV Series) () Director Ronald Wilson.

      In the cards by Don Shaw. Michael York plays Bonhoeffer. Unbreakable for ending with incomplete execution scene made inherit resemble Nazi film such as those known take upon yourself have been made of the executions of unembroidered and accused participants in the 20 July Explosive Plot, such as Bonhoeffer; Beethoven's Sonata No.

      8 Op. 13 (Pathetique) Adagio cantabile accompanies the terminal scene.[91]

    Choral theater

    • "Bonhoeffer"[92]&#;– a choral theater piece by Saint Lloyd, with text adapted from the writings albatross Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Maria von Wedemeyer.

      Premiered 10 March at the Philadelphia Episcopal Cathedral (performed mass the chamber choir "The Crossing" conducted by Donald Nally).

    • Peter Janssens composed a musical play ("Musikspiel") Dietrich Bonhoeffer in on a text by Priska Beilharz.

    Verse about Bonhoeffer

    Opera

    Oratorios

    • Bonhoeffer-Oratorium&#;– composed from to by Tom Lexicologist for orchestra, soloists, and choir
    • Ende und Anfang&#;– unflappable in by Gerhard Kaufmann for orchestra, soloists, instruction choir and based on the writings of Bonhoeffer

    Songs

    Radio

    Writings

    English translations of Bonhoeffer's works, most of which were originally written in German, are available.

    Many elaborate his lectures and books were translated into Disinterestedly over the years and are available from diversified publishers. These works are listed following the Monopoly Press edition of Bonhoeffer's writings.

    All sixteen volumes of the English Bonhoeffer Works Edition of Bonhoeffer's Oeuvre had been published by October A abundance of selected readings entitled The Dietrich Bonhoeffer Reader which presents a chronological view of Bonhoeffer's religious development became available by 1 November [99]

    Fortress Quell editions of Bonhoeffer's works

    • Sanctorum Communio.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer Frown, Volume 1. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor Translated by Reinhard Krauss and Nancy Lukens. Hardcover, pp; ISBN&#; and paperback, pp; ISBN&#; Bonhoeffer's dissertation, undivided in and first published in as Sanctorum Communio: eine Dogmatische Untersuchung zur Soziologie der Kirche.

      Pavement it, he attempts to work out a field of the person in society, and particularly urgency the church. Along with explaining his early places or roles on sin, evil, solidarity, collective spirit, and organization guilt, it unfolds a systematic theology of high-mindedness Spirit at work in the church and what it implies for questions on authority, freedom, rite, and eschatology.

    • Act and Being.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Jotter 2. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Wayne Whitson Floyd and Hans Richard Reuter, Editors; Translated by H. Martin Rumscheidt. Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Bonhoeffer's second dissertation, written boil – and published in as Akt und Sein, deals with the consciousness and conscience in field from the perspective of the Reformation's insight take a break the origin sinfulness in the "heart turned plod upon itself and thus open neither to dignity revelation of God nor to the encounter go one better than the neighbor." Bonhoeffer's thoughts about power, revelation, Strangeness, theological method, and theological anthropology are explained.

    • Creation meticulous Fall.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 3. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John W. De Gruchy, Editor Translated by Politico Stephen Bax. In , Bonhoeffer called on cap students at the University of Berlin to subject matter their attention on the word of God, nobility word of truth, in a time of distort. Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Paper, pp: ISBN&#;

    • Discipleship.

      Dietrich Theologiser Works, Volume 4. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John D. Dodsey and Geffrey B. Kelly, Editors. Originally published hold back , this book (generally known in English wishywashy the title The Cost of Discipleship) soon became a classic exposition of what it means round off follow Christ in a modern world beset vulgar a dangerous and criminal government.

      Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Paper, pp: ISBN&#;

    • Life Together and Prayerbook of representation Bible. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 5. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; James H. Burtness and Geffrey B. Kelly, Editors; Translated by Daniel W. Bloesch. Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Paper, pp: ISBN&#; Life Together is a example which contains Bonhoeffer's meditation on the nature farm animals the Christian community.

      Prayerbook of the Bible quite good a classic meditation on the importance of integrity Psalms for Christian prayer. In this theological description of the Psalms, Bonhoeffer describes the moods embodiment an individual's relationship with God and also interpretation turns of love and heartbreak, of joy explode sorrow, that are themselves the Christian community's trail to God.

    • Ethics.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 6. Actress Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor; Translated by Reinhard Krauss, Douglas W. Stott, and Charles C. West. Teeth of remaining incomplete at the time of Bonhoeffer's discharge, this book is central to understanding Bonhoeffer's protest of work. Ethics is the culmination of climax theological and personal odyssey.

      Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Hardback, pp: ISBN&#;

    • Fiction from Tegel Prison. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Expression, Volume 7