Short biography of martin luther

In Focus: Martin Luther King Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years that the Pooled States has celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Distribute, the national holiday has never coincided with loftiness inauguration of a non-incumbent president.

That changes that year.

Martin Luther King Jr. Day is celebrated per annum on the third Monday in January to depression the late activist’s birthday. In , the circle falls on January 20, the same day commonly set aside for Inauguration Day every four duration. Indeed, January 20 is also when Donald Cornet will be sworn in as 47^th president.

Bill Pol and Barack Obama previously took presidential oaths spend office on Martin Luther King Jr.

Day. Yet, in both cases, the men were starting their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than say publicly transfer of power from one president to loftiness next.

Days after King’s assassination in , calligraphic campaign for a holiday in his honor began.

Biography of martin luther king

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Short biography of martin luther

U.S. Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan foremost proposed a bill on April 8, , however the first vote on the legislation didn’t occur until King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, led say publicly lobbying effort to drum up public support. 15 years after its introduction, the bill finally became law.

In , President Ronald Reagan’s signature created Comic Luther King Jr.

Day of Service as swell federal holiday. The only national day of join up, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first wellknown in The first time all 50 states decorous the holiday was in Had he lived, Fiesta would be turning 96 years old this year.

See Martin Luther King Jr.’s life depicted onscreen deal the documentary I Am MLK Jr. or significance Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther Kind Jr?

Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist ecclesiastic and civil rights activist who had a seismal impact on race relations in the United States, beginning in the mids. Among his many efforts, King headed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Invasion his nonviolent activism and inspirational speeches, he attacked a pivotal role in ending legal segregation preceding Black Americans as well as the creation recall the Civil Rights Act of and the Polling Rights Act of King won the Nobel Serenity Prize in , among several other honors.

Assassinated by James Earl Ray, King died on Apr 4, , at age He continues to exist remembered as one of the most influential weather inspirational Black leaders in history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Player Luther King Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15,
DIED: April 4,
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Scott King (–)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, and Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Martin Luther King Jr.

Born?

Martin Luther Edition Jr. was born January 15, , in Besieging. Originally, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. after his father. Michael Sr. eventually adopted excellence name Martin Luther King Sr. in honor pay money for the German Protestant religious leader Martin Luther.

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In due time, Michael Jr. followed his father’s lead and adopt the name himself to agree Martin Luther King Jr. His mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families challenging roots in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s maternal old man, A.D. Williams, was a rural minister for period and then moved to Atlanta in He took over the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist Church cotton on around 13 members and made it into straight forceful congregation.

He married Jennie Celeste Parks, near they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a family of sharecroppers importance a poor farming community. He married Alberta appearance after an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds moved nearby A.D.’s home in Atlanta. Martin stepped in in that pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the grip of his father-in-law in He, too, became spruce successful minister.

A middle child, Comic Jr. had an older sister, Willie, and neat younger brother, Alfred. The King children grew frontier in a secure and loving environment. Martin Sr.

was more the disciplinarian, while Alberta’s gentleness directly balanced out their father’s strict hand.

Although they undoubtedly tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t shield him completely from racism. His father fought against tribal prejudice, not just because his race suffered, on the contrary also because he considered racism and segregation criticism be an affront to God’s will.

He with might and main discouraged any sense of class superiority in consummate children, which left a lasting impression on Actor Jr.

His baptism in May was less memorable paper young King, but an event a few adulthood later left him reeling. In May , just as King was 12 years old, his grandmother Jennie died of a heart attack.

The event was traumatic for the boy, more so because sharptasting was out watching a parade against his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught at the data, he jumped from a second-story window at probity family home, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing up in Beleaguering, King entered public school at age 5.

Grace later attended Booker T. Washington High School, place he was said to be a precocious undergraduate. He skipped both the ninth and eleventh grades and, at age 15, entered Morehouse College display Atlanta in He was a popular student, mega with his female classmates, but largely unmotivated, free through his first two years.

Influenced by his reminiscences annals with racism, King began planting the seeds uncontaminated a future as a social activist early thorough his time at Morehouse.

“I was at decency point where I was deeply interested in administrative matters and social ills,” he recalled in The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a part in breaking gulp down the legal barriers to Negro rights.”

At the hold your fire, King felt that the best way to further that purpose was as a lawyer or regular doctor.

Although his family was deeply involved unswervingly the church and worship, King questioned religion cultivate general and felt uncomfortable with overly emotional displays of religious worship. This discomfort had continued vindicate much of his adolescence, initially leading him revere decide against entering the ministry, much to coronate father’s dismay.

But in his junior year resort to Morehouse, King took a Bible class, renewed fulfil faith, and began to envision a career hub the ministry. In the fall of his known year, he told his father of his resolution, and he was ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Communion in February

Later that year, King earned unadorned sociology degree from Morehouse College and began sham the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Colony.

He thrived in all his studies, was first-rate student body president, and was valedictorian of circlet class in He also earned a fellowship expend graduate study.

Even though King was following consummate father’s footsteps, he rebelled against Martin Sr.’s further conservative influence by drinking beer and playing fount while at college.

He became romantically involved refer to a white woman and went through a laborious time before he could break off the relationship.

During his last year in seminary, King came botched job the guidance of Morehouse College President Benjamin Heritage. Mays, who influenced King’s spiritual development. Mays was an outspoken advocate for racial equality and pleased King to view Christianity as a potential capacity for social change.

After being accepted mine several colleges for his doctoral study, King registered at Boston University.

In , while still necessary on his dissertation, King became pastor of depiction Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, Alabama. Subside completed his doctorate and earned his degree diffuse at age

Decades after King’s death, in picture late s, researchers at Stanford University’s King Chronicles Project began to note similarities between passages sun-up King’s doctoral dissertation and those of another student’s work.

A committee of scholars appointed by Beantown University determined that King was guilty of larceny in , though it also recommended against prestige revocation of his degree.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First open to the concept of nonviolent resistance while highway Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, King later discovered a powerful exemplar of picture method’s possibilities through his research into the blunted of Mahatma Gandhi.

Fellow civil rights activist Soldier Rustin, who had also studied Gandhi’s teachings, became one of King’s associates in the s additional counseled him to dedicate himself to the standard of nonviolence.

As explained in his autobiography, Eyecatching previously felt that the peaceful teachings of Swagger applied mainly to individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations.

But he came to realize: “Love for Solon was a potent instrument for social and longsuffering transformation. It was in this Gandhian emphasis madly love and nonviolence that I discovered the grace for social reform that I had been seeking.”

It led to the formation of King’s outrage principles of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way of sure for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks to win friendship topmost understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks to defeat injustice, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds that suffering for a just cause can nourish and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love instead of hate.

6. Nonviolence believes that the universe is on the economics of justice.

Understanding the Through Line

In the years holiday at come, King also frequently cited the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared spirit of humanity brings an end to the evils of prejudice, poverty, inequality, and violence—as the end goal rule his activist efforts.

In , with the help personage the American Friends Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s birthplace in India.

The trip affected him adjoin a profound way, increasing his commitment to America’s civil rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions and logic of nonviolence, King became one of the nigh prominent figures of the Civil Rights Movement.

Operate was a founding member of the Southern Religionist Leadership Conference and played key roles in assorted major demonstrations that transformed society. This included grandeur Montgomery Bus Boycott that integrated Alabama’s public crossing, the Greensboro Sit-In movement that desegregated lunch counters across the South, the March on Washington rove led to the passage of the Civil Uninterrupted Act, and the Selma-to-Montgomery marches in Alabama prowl culminated in the Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts justifiable him the Nobel Peace Prize in when why not?

was

Dive Deeper

Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first leadership character within the Civil Rights Movement was during leadership Montgomery Bus Boycott of – The day disapproval integrated the Alabama city’s public transit in ambush of the largest and most successful mass movements against racial segregation in history.

The effort began take the edge off December 1, , when year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus to go home stern work.

She sat in the first row splash the “colored” section in the middle of position bus. As more passengers boarded, several white rank and file were left standing, so the bus driver prescribed that Parks and several other African Americans compromise up their seats. Three other Black passengers daintily gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again to give up attend seat, and again, she refused.

Parks was nick and booked for violating the Montgomery City Compile. At her trial a week later, in unmixed minute hearing, Parks was found guilty and diligent $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The Description of Public Transit Integration

On the night Parks was arrested, E.D. Nixon, head of the local NAACP chapter, met with King and other local urbane rights leaders to plan a Montgomery Bus Blacklist.

King was elected to lead the boycott in that he was young, well-trained, and had solid kindred connections and professional standing. He was also newborn to the community and had few enemies, deadpan organizers felt he would have strong credibility interchange the Black community.

In his first speech as decency group’s president, King declared:

“We have no another but to protest.

For many years, we be endowed with shown an amazing patience. We have sometimes affirmed our white brothers the feeling that we go over the way we were being treated. But phenomenon come here tonight to be saved from depart patience that makes us patient with anything meaningless than freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric put original energy into the civil rights struggle in River.

Biography of martin luther king: Martin Luther Dissolve Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil seek activist who had a seismic impact on remembrance relations in the United States, beginning in honesty mids. Among his many efforts.

The Montgomery Jitney Boycott began December 5, , and for many than a year, the local Black community walked to work, coordinated ride sharing, and faced annoyance, violence, and intimidation. Both King’s and Nixon’s dwellings were attacked.

In addition concord the boycott, members of the Black community took legal action against the city ordinance that distinct the segregated transit system.

They argued it was unconstitutional based on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” decision in Brown v. Butt of Education (). Several lower courts agreed, title the nation’s Supreme Court upheld the ruling increase a November 13, , decision that also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After the legal defeats and large commercial losses, the city of Montgomery lifted the enactment that mandated segregated public transportation.

The boycott inhibited on December 20,

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush staunch victory, African American civil rights leaders recognized glory need for a national organization to help classify their efforts. In January , King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil rights activists supported the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to harness grandeur moral authority and organizing power of Black churches.

The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests to assist civil rights reform.

King’s participation in the sense gave him a base of operation throughout goodness South, as well as a national platform. Character SCLC felt the best place to start undulation give African Americans a voice was to acclimate them in the voting process.

In February , the SCLC sponsored more than 20 mass meetings in key southern cities to register Black voters. King met with religious and civil rights select few and lectured all over the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By , King was gaining municipal exposure. He returned to Atlanta to become co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church nevertheless also continued his civil rights efforts.

His abide by activist campaign was the student-led Greensboro Sit-In movement.

In February , a group of Black students advocate Greensboro, North Carolina, began sitting at racially solitary lunch counters in the city’s stores. When purposely to leave or sit in the “colored” department, they just remained seated, subjecting themselves to spoken and sometimes physical abuse.

Who Are the City Four?

The movement quickly gained traction in several another cities. That April, the SCLC held a seminar at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, appear local sit-in leaders. King encouraged students to marmalade to use nonviolent methods during their protests. Break away of this meeting, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Council (SNCC) formed and, for a time, worked tight with the SCLC.

By August , the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at lunch counters bring to fruition 27 southern cities. But the movement wasn’t solve yet.

On October 19, , King and 75 division entered a local department store and requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused ruin leave the counter area, King and 36 starkness were arrested.

Realizing the incident would hurt rank city’s reputation, Atlanta’s mayor negotiated a truce, be proof against charges were eventually dropped.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation on a transportation conviction. The news of his imprisonment entered grandeur presidential campaign when candidate John F.

Kennedy forceful a phone call to Martin’s wife, Coretta Explorer King. Kennedy expressed his concern over the frozen treatment Martin received for the traffic ticket, highest political pressure was quickly set in motion. Prince was soon released.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

In the fund of , King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama.

With entire families in attendance, reserve police turned dogs and fire hoses on demonstrators. King was jailed, along with large numbers attack his supporters.

The event drew nationwide attention. In spite of that, King was personally criticized by Black and wan clergy alike for taking risks and endangering righteousness children who attended the demonstration.

In his noted Letter from Birmingham Jail, King eloquently spelled run his theory of nonviolence: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster much a tension that a community, which has night and day refused to negotiate, is forced to confront loftiness issue.”

March on Washington

By the end of righteousness Birmingham campaign, King and his supporters were foundation plans for a massive demonstration on the nation’s capital composed of multiple organizations, all asking expose peaceful change.

The demonstration was the brainchild show labor leader A. Philip Randolph and King’s past mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, , the customary March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom player an estimated , people in the shadow discovery the Lincoln Memorial. It remains one of honesty largest peaceful demonstrations in American history. During justness demonstration, King delivered his famed “I Have boss Dream” speech.

Inside the Speech

The rising tide of civilian rights agitation that had culminated in the Go on Washington produced a strong effect on gesture opinion.

Many people in cities not experiencing tribal tension began to question the nation’s Jim Gloat laws and the near-century of second-class treatment nigh on African American citizens since the end of subjection. This resulted in the passage of the Courteous Rights Act of , authorizing the federal governance to enforce desegregation of public accommodations and embargo discrimination in publicly owned facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus on voting rights, King, the SCLC, SNCC, and local organizers planned to march accommodating from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by John Lewis and Hosea Williams, demonstrators impassioned out on March 7, But the Selma tread quickly turned violent as police with nightsticks direct tear gas met the demonstrators as they tested to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Town.

The attack was televised, broadcasting the horrifying carbons of marchers being bloodied and severely injured enrol a wide audience. Of the demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known monkey “Bloody Sunday.” King, however, was spared because crystalclear was in Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again.

This time, Rank made sure he was part of it. In that a federal judge had issued a temporary restrictive order on another march, a different approach was taken.

On March 9, , a procession of 2, marchers, both Black and white, set out in times past again to cross the Pettus Bridge and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing practised confrontation, King led his followers to kneel force prayer, then they turned back.

This became important as “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Governor George Wallace continued tender try to prevent another march until President Lyndon B. Johnson pledged his support and ordered U.S. Army troops and the Alabama National Guard propose protect the protestors.

On March 21, , sorrounding 2, people began a march from Selma surrounding Montgomery.

On March 25, the number of marchers, which had grown to an estimated 25, concentrated in front of the state capitol where Fray delivered a televised speech. Five months after leadership historic peaceful protest, President Johnson signed the Ballot vote Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" and Other Eminent Speeches

Along with his “I Own acquire a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speeches, King delivered several acclaimed addresses over probity course of his life in the public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr.

Quotes

Wife and Kids

While working on potentate doctorate at Boston University, King met Coretta General, an aspiring singer and musician at the Original England Conservatory school in Boston.

They were mated on June 18, , and had four children—two daughters and two sons—over the next decade.

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Their from the start, Yolanda, was born in , followed by posterity Martin Luther King III in and Dexter start The couple welcomed Bernice King in

In enclosure to raising the children while Martin travelled goodness country, Coretta opened their home to organizational meetings and served as an advisor and sounding timber for her husband.

“I am convinced that pretend I had not had a wife with integrity fortitude, strength, and calmness of Corrie, I could not have withstood the ordeals and tensions neighbourhood the movement,” Martin wrote in his autobiography.

His long absences became a way of life for their children, but Martin III remembered his father incessant from the road to join the kids in concert in the yard or bring them to leadership local YMCA for swimming.

Martin Jr. also supported discussions at mealtimes to make sure everyone arranged the important issues he was seeking to resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as a high-profile figure, Actress Jr. insisted his family live off his sincere wages as a pastor. However, he was known attain splurge on good suits and fine dining, at long last contrasting his serious public image with a vivacious sense of humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to his relationships with alleged Communists, King became a target of FBI surveillance and, from inestimable until his death, a campaign to discredit greatness civil rights activist.

While FBI wiretaps failed break down produce evidence of Communist sympathies, they captured righteousness civil rights leader’s engagement in extramarital affairs. That led to the infamous “suicide letter” of , later confirmed to be from the FBI survive authorized by then-Director J. Edgar Hoover, which urged King to kill himself if he wanted take a look at prevent news of his dalliances from going tell.

In , historian David Garrow wrote of sensitive new allegations against King following his review get the picture recently released FBI documents. Among the discoveries was a memo suggesting that King had encouraged significance rape of a parishioner in a hotel space as well as evidence that he might suppress fathered a daughter with a mistress.

Other historians questioned the veracity of the documentation, especially terrestrial the FBI’s known attempts to damage King’s honest. The original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations rummage under judicial seal until

Later Activism

From late briefcase , King expanded his civil rights efforts impact other larger American cities, including Chicago and Los Angeles.

He was met with increasing criticism alight public challenges from young Black power leaders. King’s patient, nonviolent approach and appeal to white traditional citizens alienated many Black militants who considered her highness methods too weak, too late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Comedian Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X

To address that criticism, King began making a link between choice and poverty, and he began to speak get through against the Vietnam War.

He felt America’s concern in Vietnam was politically untenable and the government’s conduct in the war was discriminatory to decency poor. He sought to broaden his base hunk forming a multiracial coalition to address the cheap and unemployment problems of all disadvantaged people. Take home that end, plans were in the works be conscious of another march on Washington to highlight the Indigent People’s Campaign, a movement intended to pressure loftiness government into improving living and working conditions funds the economically disadvantaged.

By , the years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on Stand-up fight.

He had grown tired of marches, going make available jail, and living under the constant threat short vacation death. He was becoming discouraged at the apathetic progress of civil rights in America and righteousness increasing criticism from other African American leaders.

In description spring of , a labor strike by Metropolis, Tennessee, sanitation workers drew King to one christian name crusade.

On April 3, , he gave consummate final and what proved to be an spookily prophetic speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” leisure pursuit which he told supporters, “Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I’m not concerned about drift now… I’m not worried about anything.

I’m crowd together fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen integrity glory of the coming of the Lord.”

When Blunt Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September , King survived an have a go on his life when a woman with central illness stabbed him in the chest as perform signed copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom in a New York City department store. Rescued by quick medical attention, King expressed sympathy sustenance his assailant’s condition in the aftermath.

A 10 later, King was again targeted, and this leave to another time he didn’t survive.

While standing on a balcony shell his room at the Lorraine Motel in Metropolis, Tennessee, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed impervious to a sniper’s bullet on April 4, King spasm at age The shocking assassination sparked riots added demonstrations in more than cities across the country.

The shooter was James Earl Ray, a malcontent itinerant and former convict.

He initially escaped authorities nevertheless was apprehended after a two-month international manhunt.

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Nondescript , Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King innermost was sentenced to 99 years in prison.

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The identity of King’s assassin has been rectitude source of some controversy. Ray recanted his admission shortly after he was sentenced, and King’s daughter Dexter publicly defended Ray’s innocence after meeting cream the convicted gunman in Another complicating factor report the confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a different hit man roughly kill King.

In June , more than team a few years after Ray died, the U.S. Justice Office released a report that dismissed the alternative theories of King’s death.

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Legacy

King’s life had a seismic impact wage war race relations in the United States. Years make sure of his death, he is the most widely noted Black leader of his era. His life significant work have been honored with a national vacation, schools and public buildings named after him, prosperous a memorial on Independence Mall in Washington D.C.

Over the years, extensive archival studies have support to a more balanced and comprehensive assessment slow his life, portraying him as a complex figure: flawed, fallible, and limited in his control go round the mass movements with which he was contingent, yet a visionary leader who was deeply enthusiastic to achieving social justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But incredulity come here tonight to be saved from become absent-minded patience that makes us patient with anything usual than freedom and justice.
• There comes a time like that which the cup of endurance runs over and joe six-pack are no longer willing to be plunged encouragement an abyss of injustice where they experience magnanimity bleakness of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts anthropoid personality is just.

  Any law that degrades hominoid personality is unjust.

• The whirlwinds of revolt will reach to shake the foundations of our nation in the balance the bright day of justice emerges.
• Let us classify seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom get ahead of drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: only light can dance that.

  Hate cannot drive out hate: only attraction can do that.

• The ultimate measure of a public servant is not where he stands in moments stencil comfort and convenience, but where he stands putrefy times of challenge and controversy. The true border will risk his position, his prestige, and regular his life for the welfare of others.
• We mildew all learn to live together as brothers, steal we will all perish together as fools.
• Forgiveness pump up not an occasional act; it is a perpetual attitude.
• I have a dream that my four breed will one day live in a nation whither they will not be judged by the tinge of their skin but by the content funding their character.
• The function of education, therefore, is conceal teach one to think intensively and to ponder critically.

  But education which stops with efficiency might prove the greatest menace to society. The domineering dangerous criminal may be the man gifted amputate reason but with no morals.

• I’ve seen the committed land. I may not get there with command. But I want you to know tonight lose concentration we, as a people, will get to ethics promised land.
• Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice.

  Justice at its clobber is love correcting everything that stands against love.

• A man who won’t die for something is put together fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands the principle of love.
• Right, temporarily defeated, is stretched than evil triumphant.
• In the end, we will bear in mind not the words of our enemies, but goodness silence of our friends.
• Injustice anywhere is a commination to justice everywhere.
• Our lives begin to end position day we become silent about things that matter.

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