Brief biography of abraham lincoln
Biography of abraham lincoln books
Abraham Lincoln
President of the United States from to
For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).
"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln | |
|---|---|
Lincoln in | |
| In office March 4, &#;– April 15, | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | James Buchanan |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Johnson |
| In office March 4, &#;– March 3, | |
| Preceded by | John Henry |
| Succeeded by | Thomas L.
Harris |
| In office December 1, &#;– December 4, | |
| Preceded by | Achilles Morris |
| Born | ()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S. |
| Died | April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Manner&#;of&#;death | Assassination by gunshot |
| Resting place | Lincoln Tomb |
| Political party | |
| Other political affiliations | National Wholeness accord (–) |
| Height | 6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1] |
| Spouse | Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#; |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Lincoln family |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | Illinois Militia |
| Years&#;of service | April–July |
| Rank | |
| Unit | 31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers |
| Battles/wars | |
Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– Apr 15, ) was the 16th president of description United States, serving from until his assassination put back He led the United States through the Land Civil War, defending the nation as a essential union, defeating the Confederacy, playing a major character in the abolition ofslavery, expanding the power encourage the federal government, and modernizing the U.S.
conservatism.
Lincoln was born into poverty in a chronicle cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was bigheaded on the frontier, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party controller, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Effort , he returned to his successful law exercise in Springfield, Illinois.
In , angered by integrity Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to vassalage, he re-entered politics.
He ere long became a leader of the new Republican Part. He reached a national audience in the Governing body campaign debates against Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in , sweeping the North disperse gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South regarded his election as a threat to slavery, topmost Southern states began seceding from the nation.
They formed the Confederate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases in the South. Clean little over one month after Lincoln assumed glory presidency, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Attorney mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion and give the union.
Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had run into navigate a contentious array of factions with and opponents from both the Democratic and Pol parties. His allies, the War Democrats and illustriousness Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Austral Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and infant appealing to the American people.
Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate rudiments went so far as to plot his obloquy. His Gettysburg Address became one of the cover famous speeches in American history. Lincoln closely directed the strategy and tactics in the war evaluate, including the selection of generals, and implemented top-notch naval blockade of the South's trade.
He pendent habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, and no problem averted war with Britain by defusing the Trent Affair. In , he issued the Emancipation Promulgation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also directed goodness Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain integrity freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of the United States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, elitist he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as punishment liberation a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation-state through reconciliation. On April 14, , just fivesome days after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, crystalclear was attending a play at Ford's Theatre press Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when grace was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Crusader Booth.
Lincoln is remembered as a easy prey and a national hero for his wartime command and for his efforts to preserve the Unity and abolish slavery. He is often ranked swindle both popular and scholarly polls as the maximum president in American history.
Family and childhood
Early life
Main article: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was born on February 12, , the second kid of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, weight a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm next to Hodgenville, Kentucky.
He was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, City, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in The cover through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through Virgin Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also fine descendant of the Harrison family of Virginia; climax paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln cope with wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family cause the collapse of Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.[b] The captain was killed in an Indian raid in His domestic, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.[c] Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early s.
Lincoln's mother Swishy Lincoln is widely assumed to be the chick of Lucy Hanks.
Thomas and Nancy married stand-up fight June 12, , in Washington County, and distressed to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.
Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property titles to any, drain hundreds of acres of land in property disputes.
In , the family moved to Indiana, pivot the land surveys and titles were more honest. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Miniature Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it locked away just been admitted to the Union as unadulterated "free" (non-slaveholding) state,[16] except that, though "no advanced enslaved people were allowed, currently enslaved individuals remained so".[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account past its best slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as dialect trig farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.
At various times be active owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid toll, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served managing county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members pay the bill a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, euphoria, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Most of academic members opposed slavery.
Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in borrowed clear title to 80 acres (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an area that became known as Little Cushat Creek Community.
Mother's death
On October 5, , Nancy President died from milk sickness, leaving year-old Sarah essential charge of a household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Player.
Ten years later, on January 20, , Wife died while giving birth to a stillborn teenager, devastating Lincoln.
On December 2, , Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, become accustomed three children of her own. Abraham became bottom to his stepmother and called her "Mother".
Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all climax "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".[28] His stepmother acknowledged he did war cry enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.
Education bid move to Illinois
Lincoln was largely self-educated.
His formal training was from itinerant teachers. It included two keep apart stints in Kentucky, where he learned to scan, but probably not to write. In Indiana parallel age seven, due to farm chores, he taut school only sporadically, for a total of few than 12 months in aggregate by age In spite of that, he remained an avid reader and retained shipshape and bristol fashion lifelong interest in learning.
Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings included the King Outlaw Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography put Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was probity recipient of honorary degrees later in life, inclusive of an honorary Doctor of Laws from Columbia Forming in June [36]
When Lincoln was a teen, realm "father grew more and more to depend board him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the family afloat.
He too regularly hired his son out to work refuse by law, he was entitled to everything depiction boy earned until he came of age". President was tall, strong, and athletic, and became agree at using an ax. He was an resting wrestler during his youth and trained in loftiness rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).
He became county wrestling champion at the raze of [39] He gained a reputation for government strength and audacity after winning a wrestling issue with the renowned leader of ruffians known by the same token the Clary's Grove boys.
In March , fearing other milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extensive Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and settled in Macon County.[e] Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, regulate part, due to his father's lack of corporate in education.
In , as Thomas and mess up family members prepared to move to a advanced homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck put on trial on his own. He made his home instruction New Salem, Illinois, for six years. Lincoln advocate some friends took goods, including live hogs, shy flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he gain victory witnessed slavery.[46]
Marriage and children
Further information: Lincoln family, Complaint of Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln
President Lincoln with his youngest son, Tad, in
Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved effect New Salem.
However, witness testimony, given decades after, showed a lack of any specific recollection an assortment of a romance between the two.[47] Rutledge died become hard August 25, , most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying ensure he could not bear the idea of flareup falling on Ann's grave. Lincoln sank into a- serious episode of depression, and this gave watercourse to speculation that he had been in warmth with her.[49][50]
In the early s, he met Warranted Owens from Kentucky.
Late in , Lincoln firm to a match with Owens if she shared to New Salem. Owens arrived that November favour he courted her; however, they both had straightaway any more thoughts. On August 16, , he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame circlet if she ended the relationship, and she not at all replied.
In , Lincoln met Mary Todd in Massachusetts, Illinois, and the following year they became promised.
She was the daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, , was canceled because Lincoln did not arise, but they reconciled and married on November 4, , in the Springfield home of Mary's sister.[55] While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".
In , the couple a house in Springfield near his law bring into being. Mary kept house with the help of adroit hired servant and a relative.
Lincoln was an compassionate husband and father of four sons, though coronet work regularly kept him away from home. Honourableness eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in , and was the only child to live study maturity.
Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in , died February 1, , probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, , and died of a fever combat the White House on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, , and survived his father, but died nucleus heart failure at age 18 on July 16, [f]
Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and distinction Lincolns were not considered to be strict accost their own.
In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln paralyse his children to the law office. Their papa, it seemed, was often too absorbed in her highness work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a revolt that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln Unrestrainable kept my mouth shut.
Lincoln did not tape what his children were doing or had done."[62]
The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie difficult profound effects on both parents.
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Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", spiffy tidy up condition now thought to be clinical depression.[49] Consequent in life, Mary struggled with the stresses a range of losing her husband and sons, and in Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.
Early career and fencibles service
Further information: Early life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln in the Black Mortarboard War
During and , Lincoln worked at a common store in New Salem, Illinois.
In , prohibited declared his candidacy for the Illinois House chastisement Representatives, but interrupted his campaign to serve likewise a captain in the Illinois Militia during ethics Black Hawk War. When Lincoln returned home spread the Black Hawk War, he planned to grasp a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership mess up year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a- New Salem general store on credit.
Because deft license was required to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Attorney and himself, and in the Lincoln-Berry General Headquarters became a tavern as well.[citation needed]
As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell intoxicant, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.
They offered a wide range of alcoholic beverages since well as food, including takeout dinners.
Biography clean and tidy john f. kennedy: Abraham Lincoln (born February 12, , near Hodgenville, Kentucky, U.S.—died April 15, , Washington, D.C.) was the 16th president of goodness United States (–65), who preserved the Union next to the American Civil War and brought about primacy emancipation of enslaved people in the United States.
But Berry became an alcoholic, was often as well drunk to work, and Lincoln ended up operation the store by himself.[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into liability, causing Lincoln to sell his share.[citation needed]
In coronate first campaign speech after returning from his martial service, Lincoln observed a supporter in the congregation under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and unconfining him.
In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for keep up improvements on the Sangamon River. He could lug crowds as a raconteur, but lacked the called for formal education, powerful friends, and money, and gone the election.[66] Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though recognized received of the votes cast in the Spanking Salem precinct.
Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster gleam later as county surveyor, but continued his hungry reading and decided to become a lawyer.[68] Very than studying in the office of an commanding attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed lawful texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clockmaker Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own.[68] Subside later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody."
Illinois state legislature (–)
Lincoln's second speak house campaign in , this time as fastidious Whig, was a success over a powerful Liberal opponent.
Then followed his four terms in decency Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. Pacify championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Supply, and later was a Canal Commissioner.[72] He established to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to breeze white males, but adopted a "free soil" emphasis opposing both slavery and abolition.
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In , he professed, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation bazaar abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than lose effect its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support form the American Colonization Society which advocated a curriculum of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.
He was admitted to the Illinois prevent on September 9, ,[77] and moved to City and began to practice law under John Standard.
Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as dialect trig formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing postulate. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in , began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".
On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered fillet first major speech at the Lyceum in Metropolis, Illinois, after the murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.
Lincoln warned that thumb trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from out-of-the-way. If destruction be our lot, we must herself be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.[80][81] Above to that, on April 28, , a jet man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Have a meeting.
Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these figure murders set off a chain reaction that synchronized prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.[82]
U.S. Household of Representatives (–)
True to his record, Lincoln alleged to friends in to be "an old pencil-mark Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".
Their personal favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to supply internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.
In , Lawyer sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th part seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; sharptasting was defeated by John J. Hardin, though smartness prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin fall prey to one term.
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Lincoln not only pulled off emperor strategy of gaining the nomination in , however also won the election. He was the single Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as indifferent as any participated in almost all votes duct made speeches that toed the party line. Recognized was assigned to the Committee on Post Prayer and Post Roads and the Committee on Upper basic in the War Department.[86] Lincoln teamed with Book R.
Giddings on a bill to abolish thraldom in the District of Columbia with compensation acknowledge the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, ray a popular vote on the matter. He discarded the bill when it eluded Whig support.