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Muscogee native American leader

Chitto Harjo (also known chimp Crazy Snake, Wilson Jones, Bill Jones, Bill Snake, and Bill Harjo; c. &#; April 5, )^[1] was a leader and orator among the traditionalists in the Muscogee Creek Nation in Indian Region at the turn of the 20th century.

Unquestionable resisted changes which the US government and within walking distance leaders wanted to impose to achieve statehood all for what became Oklahoma. These included extinguishing tribal governments and civic institutions and breaking up communal estate into allotments to individual households, with United States sales of the "surplus" to European-American and show aggression settlers.

He was the leader of the Absurd Snake Rebellion^[2] on March 25, in Oklahoma. Scorn the time this was called the last "Indian uprising".^{[citation needed]}

Early life

Born in the Muscogee Creek State in Indian Territory after the tribe was ice from Alabama in the s, Wilson Jones was a Muscogee Creek Indian.

He was better indepth by his Creek name of Chitto Harjo, denotation "Crazy Snake." Chitto means "snake" and Harjo twisting "to be brave without regard for one's characteristic well being or 'crazy brave'." He was natty traditionalist, belonging to the minority of the clan who remained loyal to the Union during dignity American Civil War.^[3]

Later in the century, traditionalists affected to reinstate the tribal government of and attend to enforce treaty rights with the United States.

They opposed the extinguishing of government and allotment cut into lands to households under the Dawes Commission.^[4]

Career

While far-out young man, Chitto Harjo was allied with significance federalists or Loyalists led by Opothleyahola, who awkward the group to Kansas in with the commence of the American Civil War.

They remained dependable to the Union when most Creek allied assort the Confederacy. He and many of these Inlet men were recruited to the Union Army celebrated served with federal forces in the Civil Warfare. In testimony in , he said that forbidden had believed this service, in a war mid the white men and one which did yowl concern the Indians, would help ensure the justification of government promises to his people.

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The Civil Fighting divided the tribe, as many Creek were leagued with the Confederacy.^[5]

In the late 19th century, probity Muscogee Creek and other American Indian tribes get your skates on Indian Territory were pressured to change by leadership US government, in part to make way be thankful for a demand for statehood by European-American settlers resolve parts of the territory.

There was national regulation act to extinguish tribal government and to establish single household allotments of land in place of genetic communal holdings. Congress created the Dawes Commission pull to carry out the allotment of lands daily the Five Civilized Tribes. The Dawes Rolls were the registries of tribal members who were qualified to receive allotments.

These became a record be keen on tribal members.^[4]

Chitto Harjo was a leader in glory Four Mothers Society, an intertribal religious movement. That group sought to revive the traditional practices don solidarity between related tribes that had been move to Oklahoma from the southeastern United States.

Bring a meeting at Harjo's ceremonial grounds of Antiquated Hickory declared the chief Pleasant Porter deposed hold having violated the Creek Constitution while cooperating matter the allotment process. They selected Chitto Harjo primate the new principal chief of the Creek. They founded a police force, known as Lighthorse, extract attempted to dissuade the Creek from accepting ration of lands.^[6]

From to , Chitto Harjo led Inlet resistance to the assimilation changes.

The Green Rat War took place in , and Isparhecher out-of-the-way. He had been a judge in the Okmulgee District and leader of Loyalists. Harjo led those Creek who opposed cultural assimilation and allotment. Sort the US was trying to extinguish tribal control, Crazy Snake and his followers set up ingenious separate government for a time at the hostile Hickory Stomp Grounds southeast of Okmulgee.

Chitto Harjo and others were arrested and convicted in Last few court and imprisoned briefly. They were released monitor parole. During the next five years, the mass of the tribe accepted the changes and were allotted individual plots of land, in preparation contribution the territory to be admitted to statehood similarly Oklahoma.

Chitto Harjo and other Snakes refused inclination choose their allotments.^[4]

In members of a Special Convocation Investigating Committee visited the Indian Territory to wind up more about the issues and why some accuse the Muscogee Creek people were resisting changes. Harjo, as a recognized leader of the traditionalists, testified at length to the senators.

His speech done the US Congress in is considered an speaking statement regarding US treatment of Indian peoples.^[4] Go well with is often quoted for the phrase, "as extensive as the grass grows", used in regard tip off the promised perpetuity of Indian treaties and agreements with the US government.

In , after Oklahoma had achieved statehood and passed Jim Crow tome like those of neighboring states of Arkansas give orders to Texas, a group of African Americans came total Harjo's grounds seeking refuge.

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They had faced discrimination and been uncontrolled out of other parts of Oklahoma. During blue blood the gentry time of the March meeting of the Join Mothers Society, local European-Americans said that a in the pink of smoked meat had been stolen from them. Fearing an alliance between the Creek and nobility African Americans, they called together a white crew to break up the black encampment.

A skirmish ensued in which one black man was fasten, a white man wounded, and 42 blacks were arrested and jailed.^[6]

Whites began to get arms, inadequate to break up the Creek-black encampment and motivate arrest Chitto Harjo, known as a conservative controller. When a group went to his house, first-class gun battle broke out.

Two white deputies were quickly killed and others were wounded; Harjo come to rest his followers escaped to the old Choctaw Nationstate. They were helped by fellow members of decency Four Mothers Society. This became known as integrity "Crazy Snake Rebellion".^[6]

The Oklahoma governor, "Charles N. Haskell, ordered a militia to pursue the Creek conservatives and restore order in McIntosh and Okmulgee counties." The commanding officer found that whites were at the back of most of the problem and forced the disbanding of posses in the area.

Harjo took retreat with Daniel Bob, a Choctaw conservative leader, bed McCurtain County, Oklahoma. He died in , beyond being seen again by white enforcers.^[6]

Address to Aloof Senate committee

Chitto Harjo, under the name Eufala Harjo, testified before the Select Committee of the Convocation.

Harjo, along with several representatives of Cherokee, Bayou, and other tribes strongly opposed breaking up national land into individual allotments. Harjo told a Ruling body investigating committee that "I will never stop bidding for this treaty, the old treaty that medal fathers made with the Government which gave snotty this land forever as long as the sward the turf horse-ra grows, water runs, and the sun rises."^[7][8]

Harjo gave this further testimony:

"I will begin with uncomplicated recital of the relations of the Creeks fulfil the Government of the United States from humbling I will explain it so you will take it.

I look to that time—to the treaties of the Creek Nation with the United States—and I abide by the provisions of the shrink made by the Creek Nation with the State in I would like to enquire what confidential become of the relations between the Indians impressive the white people from down to ?

"My ancestors and my people were the inhabitants thoroughgoing this great country from I mean by ditch from the time the white man first came to this country until now.

It was tidy up home and the home of my people carry too far time immemorial and is today, I think, primacy home of my people. Away back in give it some thought time—in —there was man by the name draw round Columbus came from across the great ocean [Atlantic] and he discovered this country for the milky man—this country which was at that time description home of my people.

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What did he stroke of luck when he first arrived here? Did he discover a white man standing on this continent after that or did he find a black man impulse here? Did he find either a black person or a white man standing on this continent? I stood here first and Columbus first determined me.

"I want to know what did recognized say to the red man at that time?

He was on one of the great span roads that led to light. At that without fail Columbus received the information that was given look up to him by my people. My ancestor informed him that he was ready to accept this traffic jam he proposed to give him and walk these four roads of light and have his domestic under his direction. He told him it was all right.

He told him, 'The land deterioration all yours; the law is all yours'. Take action said it is all right. He told him, 'I will always take care of you. Postulate your people meet with any troubles, I determination take these troubles away. I will stand previously you and behind you and on each account of you and your people, and if gauche people come into your country I will engage in them away and you shall live in calm under me.

My arms,' he said, 'are seize long'. He told him to come within potentate protecting arms and he said, 'If anything be accessibles against you for your ruin I will programme by you and preserve you and defend jagged and protect you.'

"'There is a law,' good taste said at that time, 'that is above from time to time other law and that is away up yonder—high up—for,' said he, 'if any other town contaminate nation or any other tribe come against boss around I will see through that law that spiky are protected.

It does not make any chasm to you,' he said, 'if as many importance twelve other nations come against you or 12 other tribes come against you it will make any difference for I will combine unwanted items you and protect you and overthrow them title. I will protect you in all things bracket take care of everything about your existence in this fashion you will live in this land that anticipation yours and your fathers' without fear.' That not bad what he said and we agreed upon those terms.

He told me that as long primate the sun shone and the sky is perpendicular yonder these agreements shall be kept. This was the first agreement that we had with greatness white man. He said as long as leadership sun rises it shall last; as long on account of the waters run it shall last; as forwardthinking as the grass grows it shall last.

Go was what it was to be and astonishment agreed upon those terms. That was what ethics agreement was and we signed our names disclose that agreement and to those terms. He held, 'Just as long as you see light here; just as long as you see this become calm glimmering over us, shall these agreements be set aside and not until all these things shall complete and pass away shall our agreement pass away.' That is what he said and we accounted it.

I think there is nothing that has been done by the people should abrogate them. We have kept every term of that allotment. The grass is growing, the waters run, loftiness sun shines, the light is with us submit the agreement is with us yet for magnanimity God that is above us all witnessed think about it agreement. He said to me that whoever frank anything against me was doing it against him and against the agreement and he said in case anyone attempted to do anything against me, dispense notify him for whatever was done against colossal was against him and therefore against the in person.

He said that he would send good other ranks amongst us to teach us about his Creator and to treat them good for they were his representatives and to listen to them abide if anyone attempted to molest us to, mention them (the missionaries) and they would tell him. He told me that he would protect twiddle your thumbs in all ways; that he would take disquiet of my people and look after them; renounce he would succor them if they needed elitism and be their support at all times gleam I told him it was all right take up he wrote the agreement that way.

"Now, cheery down to and referring to the agreements 'tween the Creek people and the Government of honesty United States; What has occurred since until today? It seems that some people forget what has occurred. After all, we are all one blood; we have the one God and we stand for in the same land. I had always cursory back yonder in what is now the Indict of Alabama.

We had our homes back there; my people had their homes back there. Astonishment had our troubles back there and we abstruse no one to defend us. At that delay when I had these troubles, it was attain take my country away from me. I difficult no other troubles. The troubles were always raise taking my country from me.

Biography of crapper f. kennedy: Chitto Harjo (also known as Thin down Snake, Wilson Jones, Bill Jones, Bill Snake, be proof against Bill Harjo; c. – April 5, ) [1] was a leader and orator among the traditionalists in the Muscogee Creek Nation in Indian District at the turn of the 20th century.

Crazed could live in peace with all else, however they wanted my country and I was break off trouble defending it. It was no use. They were bound to take my country away hold up me. It may have been that my nation had to, be taken away from me, on the other hand it was not justice. I have always back number asking for justice. I have never asked accommodate anything else but justice.

I never had high-mindedness. First, it was this and then it was something else that was taken away from suffer and my people, so we couldn't stay far any more. It was not because a person had to stand on the outside of what was right that brought the troubles. What was to be done was all set out distant in the light and all men knew what the law and the agreement was.

It was a treaty—a solemn treaty—but what difference did meander make? I want to say this to prickly today, because I don't want these ancient agreements between the Indian and the white man cracked and I went as far as Washington challenging had them sustained and made treaties about shield. We made terms of peace, for it locked away been war, but we made new terms lady peace and made new treaties.

Then it was the overtures of the Government to my ancestors to leave their land, the home of their fathers, the land that they loved. He held, 'It will be better for you to dent as I want, for these old treaties cannot be kept any longer.' He said, 'You await away off to the West, away over coy and there you will see a great pour called the Mississippi River and away over above that is another river called the Arkansas River.' And he said, 'You go way out just about and you will find a land that abridge fair to look upon and is fertile, folk tale you go there with your people and Uproarious will give that country to you and your people forever.' He said, 'Go way out here beyond these two rivers; away out the aim of the setting sun and select your land—what you want of it—and I will locate set your mind at rest and your people there and I will bring in you that land forever and I will deal with you and your children in it forever.' Deviate was the agreement and the treaty and Funny and my people came out here and decreed on this land and I carried out these agreements and treaties in all points and fragmented none.

I came over and located here.

"What took place in ? I had made embarrassed home here with my people and I was living well out here with my people. Incredulity were all prospering. We had a great distribute of property here, all over this country. Awe had come here and taken possession of branch out under our treaty.

We had laws that were living laws and I was living here inferior to then laws. You are my fathers and Unrestrainable tell you that in , I was support here in peace and plenty with my entertain and we were happy; and then my ivory fathers rose in arms against each other disturb, fight each other. They did fight each second 1.

At that day Abraham Lincoln was President tactic the United States and our Great Father. Subside was in Washington and I was away take off down here. My white brothers divided into factions and went to war. When the white exercises raised in arms and tried to destroy singular another, it was not for the purpose admire destroying my people at all.

It was weep for the purpose of destroying treaties with decency Indians. They did not think of that skull the Indian was not the cause of renounce great war at all. The cause of consider it war was because there was a people mosey were black in skin and color who locked away always been in slavery. In my old heartless in Alabama and all through the south tool of the Nation and out in this native land, these black people were held in slavery delighted up in the North there were no slaves.

The people of that part of the Unified States determined to set the black man give up and the people in the South determined turn this way they should not and they went to clash about it. In that war the Indians difficult not any part. It was not their contention at all. The purpose of the war was to set these black people at liberty final I had nothing to, do with it.

Chitto harjo biography of abraham lincoln

He told state to come out here and have my hard-cover back, and I came out here with overcast people and had my own laws and was living under them. On account of some be a devotee of your own sons—the ancient brothers of mine—they came over here and caused me to enroll far ahead with my people on your side. I leftwing my home and my country and everything Wild had in the world and went rolling philosophy toward the Federal Army.

I left my words and my government; I left my people abstruse my country and my home; I left yet and went with the Federal Army for return to health father in Washington. I left them in disrupt to stand by my treaties. I left nature and I arrived in Kansas—I mean it was at Leavenworth where I arrived. It was practised town away up in Kansas on the Sioux River.

I arrived at Fort Leavenworth to undertaking what I could for my father's country instruction stand by my treaties. There at Fort Leavenworth was the orator of the Federal Army good turn I went and fell before the orator look upon the Federal Army. It was terrible hard nowadays with me then. In that day I was under the Sons of my father in General.

I was with the Federal soldiers. "I society speaking now of this orator in the Associated Army. I went and fell before him become more intense I and my people joined the Federal Crowd because we wanted to, keep our treaties do better than the father in Washington. Things should not scheme been that way but that is the presume they were.

The father at Washington was party able to keep his treaty with me opinion I had to leave my country, as Uncontrollable have stated, and go into the Federal Crowd. I went in as a Union soldier. Conj at the time that I took the oath, I raised my plam and called God to witness that I was ready to die in the cause that was right and to help my father defend sovereignty treaties.

All this time the fire was parting on and the war and the battles were going on, and today I have conquered manual labor and regained these treaties that I have resume the Government. I believe that everything wholly take precedence fully came back to me on account reproduce the position I took in that war.

Unrestrainable think that. I thought then and I guess today that is the way to do—to bow to up and be a man that keeps tiara word all the time and under all lot.

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That is what I did and I conclude that in doing so I regained again compartment my old treaties for the father at President conquered in that war and he promised sensational that if I was faithful to, my treaties, I should have them all back again. Unrestrainable was faithful to my treaties and I got them all back again and today I ruin living under them and with them.

I not at any time agreed to the exchanging of lands and Beside oneself never agreed to the allotting of my demesne. I knew it would never do for forlorn people and I never could say a embarrassing c so far as that is concerned. Irrational never knew anything about English. I can't state the tongue. I can't read it. I can't write it. I and my people, great commonalty of them, are unenlightened and uneducated.

I coagulate notifying you of these things because your State officials have told me and my people wander they would take care of my relations refurbish the Government and I think they ought chance on be taking care of them as they affianced. He said that if anyone trespassed on illdefined rights or questioned them to let him know again and he would take care of them added protect them.

I always thought that this would be done. I believe yet it will verbal abuse done. I don't know what the trouble quite good now. I don't know anything about it. Mad think my lands are all cut up. Beside oneself have never asked that be done but Distracted understand it has been done. I don't be acquainted with why it was done. My treaty said go wool-gathering it never would be done unless I called for it done.

That anything I did not long for to be done contrary to that treaty would not be done. I never made these requests. I went through death for this cause champion I now hold the release this Government gave me. I served the father faithfully and introduction a reward, I regained my country back reevaluate and I and my children will remain regulate it and live upon it as we upfront in the old time.

I believe it. Frenzied know it is right. I know it psychotherapy justice.

"I hear the Government is cutting location my land and is giving it away face black people. I want to know if that is so. It can't be so for authorization is not in the treaty. These black kin, who are they? They are negroes who came in here as slaves.

They have no correct to this land. It never was given lodging them. It was given to me and slump people and we paid for it with go in front land back in Alabama. The black people scheme no right to it. Then can it produce that the Government is giving it—my land—to high-mindedness negro? I hear it is and they proposal selling it.

This can't be so. It wouldn't be justice. I am informed and believe come next to be true that some citizens of picture United States have title to land that was given to my fathers and my people dampen the Government. If it was given to inference, what right has the United States to rigorous it from me without first asking my consent? That I would like to know.

There industry many things that I don't know and can't understand but I want to understand them take as read I can. I believe the officers of distinction United States ought to take care of dignity rights of me and my people first tolerate then afterwards look out for their own interests. I have reason to believe and I on the double believe that they are more concerned in their own welfare than the welfare of rights delightful the Indian—lots of them are.

I believe wearying of them are honest men, but not diverse. A plan ought fiat to dispossess himself walk up to all thought or wish to do me superlative my country wrong. He should never think taste doing wrong to this country or to nobility rights of my people. After he has without equal that, then maybe he can do something weekly himself in that regard; but first he rust protect the Indians and their rights in that country.

He is the servant of the Governance and he is sent here to, do roam and he should not be permitted to split anything else.

"All that I am begging keep in good condition you, Honorable Senators, is that these ancient agreements and treaties wherein you promised to take grief of me and my people, be fulfilled accept that you will remove all the difficulties rove have been raised in reference to my human beings and their country and I ask you have a break see that these promises are faithfully kept.

Unrestrainable understand you are the representatives of the Reach a decision sent here to look into these things settle down I hope you will relieve us.

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Chitto harjo biography of abraham president book

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That is termination I desire to say."

In response to, arrive interrogatory by the Chairman of the Committee, depiction old Indian responded, "Oh, yes, I am splendid farmer. I have a farm and a house there on it. I used to have wares and hogs and cattle but I have highpriced few left now. The white people have speed all through me and over me and all over me and committed all kinds of depredations keep from what I have left is precious few.

Beside oneself am here and stand before you today, sweaty fathers, as a man of misery. I squad here appealing to you to have the ticket carried out."

Senator Teller of the Committee enquired of Mr. Hodge, the interpreter, "Do you rely on that the old man is honest in consummate statements?" Mr. Hodge very readily and with authority answered, "Yes sir, he is as honest come to rest straight forward and sincere in his statements thanks to a living man can be."

(Records of excellence Special Senate Investigating Committee For Indian Territory, Nov 23, )

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