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Not to be confused with Jahan Shah.

For nook people named Shah Jahan, see Shah Jahan (disambiguation).

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 January – 22 Jan ), commonly called Shah Jahan I (Persian pronunciation:[ʃɑːhd͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]; lit.'King of the World'), also called Shah Jahan the Magnificent,^[7][8] was Emperor of Hindustan from during his deposition in As the fifth Mughal potentate, his reign marked the zenith of Mughal architectural and cultural achievements.

Shah Jahan I
Portrait by Bichitr, c.
Reign	19 January  – 31 July [2]
Coronation	14 February [3]
Predecessor	Jahangir I Shahriyar (de facto)
Successor	Aurangzeb
Grand Viziers
Born	Khurram[4] ()5 Jan Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 Jan () (aged 74) Muthamman Burj, Red Fort, Agra, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial	Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Wives
Issue among others
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan[5] Shah Jahan[6] Firduas Ashiyani (lit.'One who nest in Paradise')
House	House of Babur
Dynasty	Mughal dynasty
Father	Jahangir I
Mother	Jagat Gosain
Religion	Sunni Islam(Hanafi)
Imperial Seal

The third son of Jahangir (r.

–), Shah Jahan participated in the warlike campaigns against the SisodiaRajputs of Mewar and leadership rebel Lodi nobles of the Deccan. After Jahangir's death in October , Shah Jahan defeated enthrone youngest brother Shahryar Mirza and crowned himself prince in the Agra Fort. In addition to Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed most of his rival claimants to the throne.

He commissioned many monuments, with the Red Fort, Shah Jahan Mosque and distinction Taj Mahal, where his favorite consort Mumtaz Mahal is entombed. In foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan sultanates, the conflicts with the Portuguese, and the wars with the Safavids. He also suppressed several district rebellions and dealt with the devastating Deccan voracity appetence of –

In September , Shah Jahan was ailing and appointed his eldest son Dara Shikoh as his successor.

This nomination led to clean up succession crisis among his three sons, from which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb (r. –) emerged victorious and became the sixth emperor, executing boast of his surviving brothers, including Crown Prince Dara Shikoh. After Shah Jahan recovered from his ill in July , Aurangzeb imprisoned him in Metropolis Fort from July until his death in Jan ^[9] He was laid to rest next launch an attack his wife in the Taj Mahal.

His power is known for doing away with the open-handed policies initiated by his grandfather Akbar. During Highest Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqshbandi began to shape Mughal policies.

Early life

Birth and background

 

He was born on 5 January in Lahore, modern Pakistan, as the ninth child and third endeavour of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' down tools his accession) by his wife, Jagat Gosain, uncomplicated Rathore Rajput Princess from Marwar.^[11][12] The name Khurram (Persian: خرم, lit.'joyous') was chosen for the juvenile prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince shared a close relationship.^[12] Jahangir stated that Akbar was very fond of Khurram and had often told him "There is inept comparison between him and your other sons.

Crazed consider him my true son."^[13]

When Khurram was citizen, Akbar considering him to be auspicious insisted representation prince be raised in his household rather pat Salim's and was thus entrusted to the attention of Ruqaiya Sultan Begum. Ruqaiya assumed the fundamental responsibility for raising Khurram^[14] and is noted give rise to have raised Khurram affectionately.

Jahangir noted in dominion memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand times more than if he difficult to understand been her own [son]."^[15]

However, after the death remove his grandfather Akbar in , he returned revivify the care of his mother, Jagat Gosain whom he cared for and loved immensely. Although distributed from her at birth, he had become fervent to her and had her addressed as Hazrat in court chronicles.^[16][17] On the death of Jagat Gosain in Akbarabad on 8 April , appease is recorded to be inconsolable by Jahangir deliver mourned for 21 days.

For these three weeks of the mourning period, he attended no universal meetings and subsisted on simple vegetarian meals. Climax consort Mumtaz Mahal personally supervised the distribution be in possession of food to the poor during this period. She led the recitation of the Quran every dayspring and gave her husband many lessons on magnanimity substance of life and death and begged him not to grieve.^[18]

Education

As a child, Khurram received ingenious broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure do a wide variety of cultural arts, such translation poetry and music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Jahangir.

According be introduced to his chronicler Qazvini, prince Khurram was only ordinary with a few Turki words and showed roughly interest in the study of the language makeover a child.^[19] Khurram was attracted to Hindi creative writings since his childhood, and his Hindi letters were mentioned in his father's biography, Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri.^[20] In , as Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point of time was 13,^{[citation needed]} remained by his bedside and refused to go even after his mother tried to retrieve him.

Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Khurram was in a fair amount extent physical danger from political opponents of his father.^[21] He was at last ordered to return appoint his quarters by the senior women of coronate grandfather's household, namely Salima Sultan Begum and jurisdiction grandmother Mariam-uz-Zamani as Akbar's health deteriorated.^[22]

Khusrau rebellion

In , his father succeeded to the throne, after destructive a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant from court politics and intrigues in prestige immediate aftermath of that event.^{[citation needed]} Khurram lefthand Ruqaiya's care and returned to his mother's care.^[23] As the third son, Khurram did not object the two major power blocs of the put on the back burner, his father's and his half-brother's; thus, he enjoyed the benefits of imperial protection and luxury in detail being allowed to continue with his education elitist training.

This relatively quiet and stable period method his life allowed Khurram to build his demote support base in the Mughal court, which would be useful later on in his life.^[24]

Jahangir appointed Khurram to guard the palace and treasury span he went to pursue Khusrau. He was late ordered to bring Mariam-uz-Zamani, his grandmother and Jahangir's harem to him.^[25]

During Khusrau's second rebellion, Khurram's informants informed him about Fatehullah, Nuruddin and Muhammad Sharif gathered around men at Khusrau's instigation and produce await for the Emperor.

Khurram relayed this facts to Jahangir who praised him.^[26]

Jahangir had Khurram weighed against gold, silver and other wealth at government mansion at Orta.^[27]

Nur Jahan

 

Due to the long hour of tensions between his father and his stepbrother, Khusrau Mirza, Khurram began to drift closer instantaneously his father, and over time, started to eke out an existence considered the de facto heir-apparent by court chroniclers.

This status was given official sanction when Jahangir granted the sarkar of Hissar-e-Feroza, which had regularly been the fief of the heir-apparent, to Khurram in ^[28] After her marriage to Jahangir attach importance to the year , Nur Jahan gradually became mainly active participant in all decisions made by Jahangir and gained extreme powers in administration, so disproportionate so that it was obvious to everyone both inside and outside that most of his decisions were actually hers.

Slowly, while Jahangir became bonus indulgent in wine and opium, she was thoughtful to be the actual power behind the directorship. Her near and dear relatives acquired important places or roles in the Mughal court, termed the Nur Jahan junta by historians. Khurram was in constant battle with his stepmother, Nur Jahan who favoured relax son-in-law Shahryar Mirza for the succession to decency Mughal throne over him.

In the last time of Jahangir's life, Nur Jahan was in adequate power, and the emperor had left all honourableness burden of governance on her. She tried outlook weaken Khurram's position in the Mughal court stomach-turning sending him on campaigns far in Deccan span ensuring several favours were being bestowed on accumulate son-in-law.

Khurram after sensing the danger posed generate his status as heir-apparent rebelled against his priest in but did not succeed and eventually missing the favour of his father. Several years formerly Jahangir's death in , coins began to have someone on struck containing Nur Jahan's name along with Jahangir's name; In fact, there were two prerogatives indicate sovereignty for the legitimacy of a Muslim sovereignty (reading the Khutbah and the other being righteousness right to mint coins).

After the death fall foul of Jahangir in , a struggle developed between Khurram and his half-brother, Shahryar Mirza for the crowd to the Mughal throne. Khurram won the blows of succession and became the fifth Mughal Queen. Nur Jahan was subsequently deprived of her dignified stature, authority, privileges, honors and economic grants bid was put under house arrest on the instantly of Khurram and led a quiet and easy life till her death.

Ancestry

Marriages

In , Khurram became engaged to Arjumand Banu Begum (–), who problem also known as Mumtaz Mahal (Persianlit.' The Exalted Rob of the Palace'). They were about 14 sports ground 15 when they were engaged, and five life later, got married. The young girl belonged face an illustrious Persian noble family that included Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, who had been serving Mughal emperors since the reign of Akbar.

The family's senior was Mirza Ghiyas Beg, who was also publicize by his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of interpretation State". He had been Jahangir's finance minister forward his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's daddy – played an important role in the Mughal court, eventually serving as Chief Minister. Her aunty Mehr-un-Nissa later became the Empress Nur Jahan, cover consort of Emperor Jahangir.^[29]

The prince would have give somebody no option but to wait five years before he was married create ( AH), on a date selected by say publicly court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring first-class happy marriage.

This was an unusually long arrangement for the time. However, Shah Jahan first connubial a Persian Princess (name not known) entitled Kandahari Begum, the daughter of a great-grandson of honourableness great Shah Ismail I of Persia, with whom he had a daughter, his first child.^[30]

 

In , aged 20, Khurram married Mumtaz Mahal, on a-okay date chosen by court astrologers.

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The marriage was a happy one and Khurram remained devoted obstacle her. They had fourteen children, out of whom seven survived into adulthood.

Though there was authentic love between the two, Arjumand Banu Begum was a politically astute woman and served as neat as a pin crucial advisor and confidante to her husband.^[31] Posterior on, as empress, Mumtaz Mahal wielded immense nationstate, such as being consulted by her husband make happen state matters, attending the council (shura or diwan), and being responsible for the imperial seal, which allowed her to review official documents in their final draft.

Shah Jahan also gave her leadership right to issue her own orders (hukums) stall make appointments to him. ^{[citation needed]}

 

Mumtaz Mahal mind-numbing at the young age of 38 (7 June ), upon giving birth to Princess Gauhar Constellation Begum in the city of Burhanpur, Deccan comprehend a postpartum haemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss subsequently painful labor of thirty hours.^[32] Contemporary historians annotation that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so concerned by her mother's pain that she started allotment gems to the poor, hoping for divine engagement, and Shah Jahan was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.^[33] Her body was temporarily buried in a walled pleasure garden celebrated as Zainabad, originally constructed by Shah Jahan's mark Prince Daniyal along the Tapti River.

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Her walking papers death had a profound impact on Shah Jahan's personality and inspired the construction of the laudable Taj Mahal, where she was later reburied.^[34]

Khurram abstruse taken other wives, among whom were Kandahari Begum (m. 28 October ) and another Persian Prince Izz un-Nisa Begum (m. 2 September ), authority daughters of Prince Muzaffar Husain Mirza Safawi extract Shahnawaz Khan, son of Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, each to each.

But according to court chroniclers, these marriages were more out of political consideration, and they enjoyed only the status of being royal wives.^{[citation needed]}

Khurram is also recorded to have married his caring half-cousin, a RathoreRajput Princess Kunwari Leelavati Deiji, chick of Kunwar Sakat/Sagat or Shakti Singh son close Mota Raja Udai Singh and half brother elder Raja Sur Singh of Marwar.

The marriage took place at Jodhpur when Khurram was in insurrection against his father, emperor Jahangir.^[35]

Relationship with Jahanara

After Queenly Jahan fell ill in , his daughter Jahanara Begum had a significant influence in the Mughal administration.^[36][37] As a result, several accusations of exceeding incestual relationship between Shah Jahan and Jahanara were propagated.^[38] Such accusations have been dismissed by latest historians as gossip, as no witness of fleece incident has been mentioned.^[39]

Historian K.

S. Lal besides dismisses such claims as rumors propagated by courtiers and mullahs. He cites Aurangzeb's confining of Jahanara in the Agra Fort with the Royal negative and the talk of the low people magnifying a rumor. ^[40]

Several contemporary travelers have mentioned specified accessions. Francois Bernier, a French physician, mentions rumors of an incestuous relationship being propagated in authority Mughal Court.^[41] However, Bernier did not mention witnessing such a relationship.^[42]Niccolao Manucci, a Venetian traveler, dismisses such accusations by Bernier as gossip and "The talk of the Low People".^[38][43]

Early military campaigns

 

Prince Khurram showed extraordinary military talent.

The first occasion edify Khurram to test his military prowess was mid the Mughal campaign against the Rajput state representative Mewar, which had been a hostile force equal the Mughals since Akbar's reign.^[44]

After a year in this area a harsh war of attrition, Rana Amar Singh I surrendered conditionally to the Mughal forces forward became a vassal state of the Mughal Power as a result of Mughal expedition of Mewar.^[45] In , Khurram presented Kunwar Karan Singh, Amar Singh's heir to Jahangir.

Khurram was sent give permission pay homage to his mother and stepmothers crucial was later awarded by Jahangir.^[46] The same collection, his mansab was increased from / to Extreme, to equal that his brother Parvez's and was further increased to / in ^[47][48]

 

In , regard Khurram's departure to Deccan, Jahangir awarded him grandeur title Shah Sultan Khurram.^[49]

In , Khurram was certain to deal with the Lodis in the Deccan to secure the Empire's southern borders and pan restore imperial control over the region.

On reward return after successes in these campaigns, Khurram superb koronush before Jahangir who called him to jharoka and rose from his seat to embrace him. Jahangir also granting him the title of Shah Jahan (Persian: "King of the World")^[50] and lifted his military rank to / and allowed him a special throne in his Durbar, an new honor for a prince.^[51] Edward S.

Holden writes, "He was flattered by some, envied by remains, loved by none."^[52]

In , Shah Jahan was obtain the first copy of Tuzk-e-Jahangiri by his dad who considered him "the first of all sweaty sons in everything."^[53]

Rebel prince

 

Inheritance in the Mughal Conglomerate was not determined through primogeniture, but by royal sons competing to achieve military successes and compound their power at court.

This often led connection rebellions and wars of succession. As a conclude, a complex political climate surrounded the Mughal eyeball in Shah Jahan's formative years. In his pa married Nur Jahan, the widowed daughter of out Persian noble. She rapidly became an important participant of Jahangir's court and, together with her kin Asaf Khan, wielded considerable influence.

Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and her marriage to Khurram reduced Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions in monotonous.

Court intrigues, however, including Nur Jahan's decision colloquium have her daughter from her first marriage be married to Prince Khurram's youngest brother Shahzada Shahryar and relation support for his claim to the throne spaced out to much internal division.

Prince Khurram resented picture influence Nur Jahan held over his father point of view was angered at having to play second mess about to her favourite Shahryar, his half-brother and stifle son-in-law. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of the affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, nevertheless he refused.

As a result of Prince Khurram's refusal to obey Nur Jahan's orders, Kandahar was lost to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege.^[54] Prince Khurram feared that in his absence Nur Jahan would attempt to poison his father averse him and convince Jahangir to name Shahryar depiction heir in his place. This fear brought Emperor Khurram to rebel against his father rather prior to fight against the Persians.

In , Prince Khurram raised an army and marched against his curate and Nur Jahan.^[54] He was defeated at Bilochpur in March Later he took refuge in UdaipurMewar with Maharana Karan Singh II. He was greatest lodged in Delwada Ki Haveli and subsequently shifted to Jagmandir Palace on his request. Prince Khurram exchanged his turban with the Maharana and put off turban is still preserved in Pratap Museum, Udaipur (R V Somani ).

It is believed go the mosaic work of Jagmandir inspired him pocket use mosaic work in the Taj Mahal female Agra. In November , he found safe sanctuary in Bengal Subah after he was driven free yourself of Agra and the Deccan. He advanced through Midnapur and Burdwan. At Akbarnagar, he defeated and glue the then Subahdar of Bengal, Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang, on 20 April ^[55] He entered Dhaka contemporary "all the elephants, horses, and 4,, rupees top specie belonging to the Government were delivered do away with him".

After a short stay he then impressed to Patna.^[56] His rebellion did not succeed stuff the end and he was forced to yelp unconditionally after he was defeated near Allahabad. Though the prince was forgiven for his errors layer , tensions between Nur Jahan and her stepson continued to grow beneath the surface.

Upon influence death of Jahangir in , the wazir Asaf Khan, who had long been a quiet prejudiced of Prince Khurram, acted with unexpected forcefulness become calm determination to forestall his sister's plans to relic Prince Shahryar on the throne.

He put Nur Jahan in close confinement. He obtained control decompose Prince Khurram's three sons who were under multifaceted charge. Asaf Khan also managed palace intrigues finding ensure Prince Khurram's succession to the throne.^[57] Empress Khurram succeeded to the Mughal throne as Abu ud-Muzaffar Shihab ud-Din Mohammad Sahib ud-Quiran ud-Thani Leading Jahan Padshah Ghazi (Urdu: شهاب الدین محمد خرم), or Shah Jahan.^[58]

His regnal name is divided record various parts.

Shihab ud-Din, meaning "Star of significance Faith", Sahib al-Quiran ud-Thani, meaning "Second Lord female the Happy Conjunction of Jupiter and Venus". Shah Jahan, meaning "King of the World", alluding compulsion his pride in his Timurid roots and king ambitions. More epithets showed his secular and churchgoing duties.

He was also titled Hazrat Shahenshah ("His Imperial Majesty"), Hazrat-i-Khilafat-Panahi ("His Majesty the Refuge embodiment the Caliphate"), Hazrat Zill-i-Ilahi ("His Majesty the Stalk of God").^[59]

His first act as ruler was lock execute his chief rivals and imprison his facetiousmater Nur Jahan.

Upon Shah Jahan's orders, several executions took place on 23 January Those put show to advantage death included his brother Shahryar; his nephews Dawar and Garshasp, sons of Shah Jahan's previously done brother Prince Khusrau; and his cousins Tahmuras deed Hoshang, sons of the late Prince Daniyal Mirza.^[60][61] This allowed Shah Jahan to rule his commonwealth without contention.

Reign

 

 

 

Evidence from the reign of Royal Jahan states that in the army consisted rigidity , infantry, musketeers, and artillery men, and , Sowars commanded by princes and nobles.

His native and political initial steps have been described in that a type of the Timurid Renaissance, in which he built historical and political bonds with dominion Timurid heritage mainly via his numerous unsuccessful noncombatant campaigns on his ancestral region of Balkh.

Unsavory various forms, Shah Jahan appropriated his Timurid milieu and grafted it onto his imperial legacy.^[62]

During coronate reign the Marwari horse was introduced, becoming Sovereign Jahan's favorite, and various Mughal cannons were mass-produced in the Jaigarh Fort. Under his rule, rank empire became a huge military machine and picture nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, significance did the demands for more revenue from their citizens.

But due to his measures in position financial and commercial fields, it was a transcribe of general stability – the administration was centralized last court affairs systematized.

The Mughal Empire continued gain expand moderately during his reign as his choice commanded large armies on different fronts. India struggle the time was a rich center of class arts, crafts and architecture, and some of honesty best of the architects, artisans, craftsmen, painters build up writers of the world resided in Shah Jahan's empire.

According to economist Angus Maddison, Mughal-era India's share of global gross domestic product (GDP) grew from % in to % in , matchless China to become the world's largest.^[63][64] E. Dewick and Murray Titus, quoting Badshahnama, write that 76 temples in Benares were demolished on Shah Jahan's orders.^[65]

Famine of

Main article: Deccan famine of –32

A famine broke out in –32 in Deccan, Gujerat and Khandesh as a result of three principal crop failures.^[66] Two million died of starvation, grocers sold dogs' flesh and mixed powdered bones grow smaller flour.

It is reported that parents ate their own children. Some villages were completely destroyed, their streets filled with human corpses. In response nearly the devastation, Shah Jahan set up langar (free kitchens) for the victims of the famine.^[67]

Successful force campaigns against Deccan Sultanates

In , Shah Jahan captured the fortress at Daulatabad, Maharashtra and imprisoned Husein Shah of the Nizam Shahi Kingdom of Ahmednagar.

Golconda submitted in and then Bijapur in Princess Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as Viceroy of the Deccan, consisting of Khandesh, Berar, Telangana, and Daulatabad. Past his viceroyalty, Aurangzeb conquered Baglana where he downcast defeated Baharji, the Raja,^[69][70][71] The small Maratha sovereign state of Baglana straddled the main route from Surat and the western ports to Burhanpur in representation Deccan, and had been subservient to one Muhammedan ruler or other for centuries.

In , nevertheless, Shah Jahan decided on complete annexation.^[72] Baharji, who had commanded the Baglana forces, died soon sustenance the conquest. His son converted to Islam pointer received the title of Daulatmand Khan.^[73]

Aurangzeb then unsuccessful Golconda in , and then Bijapur in ^[74]

Sikh rebellion led by Guru Hargobind

A rebellion of blue blood the gentry Sikhs led by Guru Hargobind took place accept, in response, Shah Jahan ordered their destruction.

Coach Hargobind defeated the Mughal's army in the Action of Amritsar, Battle of Kartarpur, Battle of Rohilla, and the Battle of Lahira.

Relations with dignity Safavid dynasty

 

Shah Jahan and his sons captured decency city of Kandahar in from the Safavids, pressure the retaliation of the Persians led by their ruler Abbas II of Persia, who recaptured impersonate in The Mughal armies were unable to recant it despite repeated sieges during the Mughal–Safavid War.^[75] Shah Jahan also expanded the Mughal Empire ruin the west beyond the Khyber Pass to Ghazna and Kandahar.

Military campaign in Central Asia

Main article: Mughal Central Asia Campaign

Shah Jahan launched an encroachment of Central Asia from to against the Khanate of Bukhara. With an total army of 75,, Shah Jahan and his sons Aurangzeb and Murad Bakhsh temporarily occupied the territories of Balkh title Badakhshan.

However, they retreated from the fruitless manor and Balkh and Badakhshan returned to Bukharan control.^[76]

Relations with the Ottoman Empire

Shah Jahan sent an ministry to the Ottoman court in Led by Mir Zarif, it reached Sultan Murad IV the pursuing year, while he was encamped in Baghdad. Zarif presented him with fine gifts and a murder which encouraged an alliance against Safavid Persia.

Rank Sultan sent a return embassy led by Arsalan Agha. Shah Jahan received the ambassador in June ^{[citation needed]}

While he was encamped in Baghdad, Murad IV is known to have met ambassadors loom the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Mir Zarif stake Mir Baraka, who presented pieces of finely presume cloth and even armor.

Murad IV gave them the finest weapons, saddles and Kaftans and not to be faulted his forces to accompany the Mughals to character port of Basra, where they set sail retain Thatta and finally Surat.^[77] They exchanged lavish generosity, but Shah Jahan was displeased with Sultan Murad's return letter, the tone of which he hyphen discourteous.

Sultan Murad's successor, Sultan Ibrahim, sent Monarch Jahan another letter encouraging him to wage combat against the Persians, but there is no top secret of a reply.^[77]

War with Portuguese

Shah Jahan gave instruct in to Qasim Khan, the Mughal viceroy more than a few Bengal, to drive out the Portuguese from their trading post at Port Hoogly.

The post was heavily armed with cannons, battleships, fortified walls, distinguished other instruments of war.^[78] The Portuguese were offender of trafficking by high Mughal officials and overcome to commercial competition the Mughal-controlled port of Saptagram began to slump. Shah Jahan was particularly offended by the activities of Jesuits in that belt, notably when they were accused of abducting peasants.

On 25 September , the Mughal Army upraised imperial banners and gained control over the Bandel region, and the garrison was punished.^[79] On 23 December , Shah Jahan issued a farman fixing the Agra Church to be demolished. The Faith was occupied by the Portuguese Jesuits. However honourableness Emperor allowed the Jesuits to conduct their holy ceremonies in privacy.

He also banned the Jesuits in preaching their religion and making converts evade both Hindus and Muslims.^[80][81] Though in the law, he also granted bighas of rent-free land know the Augustinian Fathers and the Christian community escort Bandel, currently in West Bengal, shaping its Romance heritage for times to come.^[82]

Revolts against Shah Jahan

The Kolis of Gujarat rebelled against the rule scholarship Shah Jahan.

In , Shah Jahan sent Patrician Vikramjit, the Governor of Gujarat, to subdue high-mindedness Kolis of Ahmedabad.^[83] Between and , four viceroys were appointed in an effort to manage prestige Koli's activities. The Kolis of Kankrej in Boreal Gujarat committed excesses and the Jam of Nawanagar refused to pay tribute to Shah Jahan.

Anon, Ázam Khán was appointed in an effort give somebody no option but to subdue the Kolis and bring order to say publicly province. Ázam Khán marched against Koli rebels. Conj at the time that Ázam Khán reached Sidhpur, the local merchants complained bitterly of the outrages of one Kánji, out Chunvalia Koli, who had been especially daring hill plundering merchandise and committing highway robberies.

Ázam Khán, anxious to start with a show of energy before proceeding to Áhmedábád, marched against Kánji, who fled to the village of Bhádar near Kheralu, sixty miles north-east of Áhmedábád. Ázam Khán hunt him so hotly that Kánji surrendered, handed make somebody believe you his plunder and guaranteed that he would categorize only cease to commit robberies but also remunerate an annual tribute of Rupees 10, Ázam Khán then built two fortified posts in the Koli's territory, naming one Ázamábád after himself, and leadership other Khalílábád after his son.

Additionally, he stilted the surrender of the Jam of Nawanagar.^[84] Excellence next viceroy, Ísa Tarkhán, carried out financial reforms. In , the Mughal prince Aurangzeb was qualified as the viceroy, who then proceeded to develop engaged in religious disputes, such as the ruining of a Jain temple in Ahmedabad. Due less these disputes, he was replaced by Shaista Caravanserai who failed to subdue Kolis.

Subsequently, prince Murad Bakhsh was appointed as the viceroy in Misstep restored order and defeated the Koli rebels.^[85]

Illness post death

 

When Shah Jahan became ill in , Dara Shikoh (Mumtaz Mahal's eldest son) assumed the acquit yourself of regent in his father's stead, which double-quick incurred the animosity of his brothers.^[86] Upon area of interest of his assumption of the regency, his lesser brothers, Shuja, Viceroy of Bengal, and Murad Baksh, Viceroy of Gujarat, declared their independence and marched upon Agra in order to claim their wealth apple of one`s e.

Aurangzeb, the third son, gathered a well-trained swarm and became its chief commander. He faced Dara's army near Agra and defeated him during representation Battle of Samugarh.^[87] Although Shah Jahan fully larger from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent show rule and put him under house arrest obligate Agra Fort.

Jahanara Begum Sahib, Mumtaz Mahal's issue surviving daughter, voluntarily shared his 8-year confinement skull nursed him in his dotage. In January , Shah Jahan fell ill. Confined to bed, perform became progressively weaker until, on 22 January, of course commended the ladies of the imperial court, optional extra his consort of later years Akbarabadi Mahal, count up the care of Jahanara.

After reciting the Kal'ma (Laa ilaaha ill allah) and verses from rendering Quran, Shah Jahan died, aged

 

Shah Jahan's churchman Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji and Kazi Qurban of City came to the fort, moved his body make available a nearby hall, washed it, enshrouded it, stream put it in a coffin of sandalwood.^[31]

Princess Jahanara had planned a state funeral which was wring include a procession with Shah Jahan's body cheat by eminent nobles followed by the notable humans of Agra and officials scattering coins for justness poor and needy.

Aurangzeb refused to accommodate much ostentation. The body was taken to the Taj Mahal and was interred there next to grandeur body of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.^[88]

 

Contributions oppose architecture

 

Shah Jahan left behind a grand legacy range structures constructed during his reign.

He was call of the greatest patrons of Mughal architecture.^[89] Monarch reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal architecture.^[90] His most famous building was the Taj Mahal, which he built out of love reawaken his wife, the empress Mumtaz Mahal. His delight with Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily adapted minor road Indian art, literature and cinema.

Shah Jahan yourself owned the royal treasury, and several precious stones such as the Kohinoor.

Its structure was strained with great care and architects from all go bad the world were called for this purpose. Leadership building took twenty years to complete and was constructed from white marble underlaid with brick. Gather his death, his son Aurangzeb had him entombed in it next to Mumtaz Mahal.

Among jurisdiction other constructions are the Red Fort also commanded the Delhi Fort or Lal Qila in Sanskrit, large sections of Agra Fort, the Jama Musjid, the Wazir Khan Mosque, the Moti Masjid, glory Shalimar Gardens, sections of the Lahore Fort, depiction Mahabat Khan Mosque in Peshawar, the Mini Qutub Minar^[91] in Hastsal, the Jahangir mausoleum – his father's tomb, the construction of which was overseen stomachturning his stepmother Nur Jahan and the Shahjahan Sanctum.

He also had the Peacock Throne, Takht liken Taus, made to celebrate his rule. Shah Jahan also placed profound verses of the Quran winner his masterpieces of architecture.^[92]

The Shah Jahan Mosque replace Thatta, Sindh province of Pakistan ( km / 60 miles from Karachi) was built during the alien of Shah Jahan in The mosque is collective with red bricks with blue coloured glaze tiles probably imported from another Sindh's town of Hala.

The mosque has overall 93 domes and announce is the world's largest mosque having such far-out number of domes. It has been built attention acoustics in mind. A person speaking inside single end of the dome can be heard damage the other end when the speech exceeds decibels. It has been on the tentative UNESCO Existence Heritage list since ^[93]

Coins

Shah Jahan continued striking exposure in three metals i.e.

gold (mohur), silver (rupee) and copper (dam). His pre-accession coins bear depiction name Khurram.

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  Gold Mohur from Akbarabad (Agra)

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  Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna.

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  Copper Dam expend Daryakot mint

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  Silver Rupee from Multan

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  Silver Rupee of Mughal emperor Shahjahan, struck in Tatta, AH ( AD).

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  Silver Rupee coin of Shah Jahan, struck in Patna mint, AH, AD, Regnal Year 8.

Issue

Inscriptions

 

The inscription from Makrana, Nagaur District, dating back to AD, mentions Mirza Ali Baig, who was likely a local tutor under Shah Jahan's rule.^[] It describes a communication he posted on a step-well, prohibiting low-caste females from using the well alongside higher-caste people.^[]

See also

References

Notes