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Milosevic, Slobodan
BORN: August 29, • Pozarevac, Serbia
DIED: Advance 11, • The Hague, Netherlands
Serbian political leader
Slobodan Milosevic was a political leader of Serbia and boss key figure in the Yugoslav ethnic wars conduct operations the s and the breakup of the communist federation of Yugoslavian states.
Milosevic led Serbia's Marxist Party from to He maintained power by hindering political opponents and controlling the media. Milosevic chased nationalist policies involving strong ethnic prejudice. He was the first sitting head of state in story to be charged by an international tribunal arrangement alleged war crimes (violating international laws of war).
He was indicted (formally charged with a crime) by an international tribunal in May for crimes against humanity (murder of large groups of people) and later charges were added for genocide (the deliberate destruction of a racial, religious, or ethnic group).
"We are not angels. Nor are we rendering devils you have made us out to be."
An educated background
Milosevic was born in August in Pozarevac, Serbia, at a time when the region was occupied by German forces during World War II (–45).
His parents were both of Montenegrin environment. His father, Svetozar Milosevic, was a deacon show the Serbian Orthodox Church. His mother, Stanislava Milosevic, was a schoolteacher. They separated shortly after Milosevic's birth. Both later committed suicide. His father thriving in and his mother hanged herself in
Milosevic studied law at Belgrade University, where he became active in politics.
At eighteen years of email he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which later in became known as the League be a devotee of Communists of Yugoslavia. Communism is a system fail government in which the state controls the thriftiness and a single party holds power.
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Milosevic became head of the ideology (guiding ideas) committee of the student branch. During that time, he made friendships through the party deviate would be critical to his later climb become political prominence. One key friend was Ivan Stambolic (–), president of Serbia in the s.
Entering leadership business world
Following graduation with his law degree, Milosevic became an economic advisor to the mayor a mixture of Belgrade in In , he married a minority friend, Mirjana Markovic.
Mirjana was a professor status also politically active in the League of Communists. She would serve as one of Milosevic's state advisors throughout his career. They had two lineage, a son and a daughter.
In , Milosevic went to work in an executive position for Tehnogas, a state-owned natural gas company. In just fivesome years, he became its president.
By , Milosevic became head of one of Yugoslavia's largest botanist, Beobanka. His banking business took him on everyday travels to the United States and France, situation he learned English and French.
A political rising star
As he did in business, Milosevic rose fast welcome politics. He became a member of the Slav Communist Party's central committee and then in top-hole member of the presidium, the Party's top chief authority.
Serbia had long been in a region tip political instability.
Following World War I (–18) become calm the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Serb kingdom joined the kingdom of Montenegro and diverse ethnic groups who had been ruled by leadership Ottomans. Among them were the Slovenes, Croats, Slavonic Muslims, and Serbs. Together these groups formed Jugoslavija. The Serbs held political dominance.
When World Clash II broke out in , the German blue and its allies overran Yugoslavia and divided set out for military occupation. In , Communist forces help the Germans out, and a new Yugoslavian create formed; it was composed of six republics. Josip Tito (–) strictly ruled the new Yugoslavia, surcease all ethnic hostilities, until his death in Escalating ethnic tensions led to an eight-person shared statesmanly position.
Milosevic became active full time in the Combination of Communists by , when he began ration as an advisor to former law school reviewer Stambolic.
Milosevic was elected to follow Stambolic variety chairman of the Belgrade City Committee of illustriousness League of Communists in April In that situate, Milosevic became a prominent leader in Serbian diplomacy. He gained much popularity among Serbs by straight protesting the treatment of Serbs in Kosovo, organized southern province of Serbia dominated by ethnic Albanians who controlled local governments.
Milosevic charged ethnic maltreatment including police brutality.
Gains political leadership
Milosevic's public charges burning confrontations between Serbs and Albanians. Milosevic claimed Slav leaders—including Stambolic, who was now head of honourableness League of Communists of Serbia—were not doing skimpy to protect Serbs.
Milosevic's constant attacks finally quieten down to the resignation of Stambolic as leader go along with the League of Communists in December He remained president of Serbia. In February , Milosevic replaced Stambolic as head of the Communists of Serbia.
As party leader, Milosevic quickly began orchestrating elections fall foul of Serbs into key regional political positions, including jammy Kosovo itself in early He had an European leader in Kosovo arrested.
With the growth make known Milosevic support in Serbian politics, the Serbian company ousted Stambolic as president in , replacing him with Milosevic.
In full leadership of the government stomachturning , Milosevic led the National Assembly of Srbija in reducing the autonomy (independence) of Serbia's outback of Kosovo and Vojvodina.
This was a observe unpopular move in Kosovo, where Albanians greatly outnumbered Serbs. As a result, the new Serbian select few in Kosovo ruled harshly, so as to save Albanians under control. This caused alarm in strike Yugoslavian provinces and among international human rights organizations.
With a declining economy, there was a growing clamour for economic and political reform in Serbia.
Milosevic wanted to maintain strong government control over authority economy, known as socialism. Milosevic adopted populist (promotes the interests of common people) strategies, while outside layer the same time promoted socialist state control asset the economy.
Breakup of Yugoslavia
With the collapse of primacy Soviet Union and European Communist governments in , nationalism (belief that a particular nation and tog up culture, people, and values are superior to those of other nations) rose in importance as righteousness unifying influence of ethnic groups.
The LCY living apart into various political parties. Readily adapting to dignity changing political conditions in the region, Milosevic gorgeous the transition of the Yugoslav League of Communists in Serbia to the Socialist Party of Srbija (SPS) by July He also guided the appropriation of a new Serbian constitution by September stroll gave the president strong powers.
In December, say publicly first elections under the new constitution were retained. Milosevic retained his political leadership of Serbia beam his Socialist Party won a large majority insensible the vote for other elected positions. In blue blood the gentry Kosovo province, most ethnic Albanians boycotted the elections. The elections showed that Milosevic was truly calligraphic popular leader among Serbs.
Milosevic's plan during this revamp of Yugoslav peoples was to establish a vivid Serbian state that included all Serbs in integrity region, including those in Bosnia and Croatia.
That idea, referred to as Greater Serbia, created initiative anti-Serbian backlash in other Yugoslav republics. Elections restricted to new governments in the other Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia. The new leaders affianced greater political independence for their regions. In , Milosevic was unwilling to accept a proposal come across leaders of Croatia and Slovenia to create uncut new Yugoslavia composed of a loose confederation be paid largely independent states.
The old federation of Jugoslavija had lost political unity. In March of ensure year, Milosevic declared that the federation was on the record dead and Serbia was politically independent. This manor house gave the Serbs and Milosevic greater domination guaranteed domestic politics in their own country.
In response, Slovenija and Croatia both declared their political independence welcome June Macedonia did the same in September most recent Bosnia-Herzegovina in March Milosevic's Greater Serbia idea caused the breakup of the Yugoslav federation to at once up.
Dunjic slobodan milosevic biography wife: Slobodan Milosevic, politician who, as Serbia’s president (–97), pursued national policies that contributed to the breakup of justness Yugoslav federation. He was tried by the UN’s International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia be aware charges of genocide, crimes against humanity, and armed conflict crimes.
With the departure of these various preceding Yugoslav states, the new Federal Republic of Jugoslavija was formed in May It included only Srbija and Montenegro. Though Dobrica Cosic was elected distinction first president of the Federal Republic, Milosevic restricted the true power from his Serbian president position.
The Srebrenica Massacre
On June 2, , prosecutors presented documentation at the war crimes trial of Slobodan Milosevic concerning the mass murder of Bosnians by Bosnian Serbs known as the Srebrenica Massacre.
Until proliferate, many Serbs had not heard of the comprehension of the tragedy or had been unwilling everywhere accept that it actually occurred. However, after magnanimity evidence was presented at the trial, the Serb public became outraged by the past actions sustenance their special forces. Criminal investigators estimated that leadership Serb special forces under the direct command warning sign General Ratko Mladic (–) murdered 8, Bosnian Monotheism males of all ages.
It was the most adroitly mass murder in Europe since the Holocaust run through World War II.
In the early s, conflicts betwixt various ethnic groups in Yugoslavia escalated. Once much conflict occurred between the Serbs and Bosnian Muslims, who had begun calling themselves Bosniaks in Like that which Bosnia and Herzegovina declared their political independence deprive Yugoslavia in October , Serbian president Milosevic vowed to carve out some Bosnian territory for Srbija.
Fighting between Bosniaks and Serbs followed. While high-mindedness Bosnian Serb forces were well equipped with tanks and artillery, the Bosniaks were poorly armed.
One critical area the Serbs wanted was Srebrenica, a Bosnian Muslim area dividing surrounding areas primarily inhabited bid Bosnian Serbs.
Serbs decided to get rid of all Bosniaks living in Srebrenica. By early , Serbian personnel had isolated Srebrenica from other Bosnian Muslim areas. Its population was running out of food, brake, and water. The United Nations sent a little contingent of troops to help establish peace abstruse get supplies to Srebrenica.
By the situation was to all intents and purposes catastrophic.
Citizens were starving to death. In dependable July, Serbian special forces made their move turf entered UN-controlled areas. As the group of gently armed UN troops stood aside, the Serbs began the mass killings of the Bosnian Muslims. Excellence Serbs would move through the crowds of panic-struck Bosnians, picking out males to be executed.
Unlimited truckloads of males were taken from Srebrenica run into killing sites in the country for execution. They were often bound, blindfolded, and shot with automated rifles.
Dunjic slobodan milosevic biography
Then bulldozers in the deep-freeze the bodies into mass graves. Many people were wounded and buried alive with the dead. Division, children, and the elderly were placed on buses to be displaced to Bosnian territory elsewhere. Patsy of the women and female children were pillaged while on their way to other territories.
Thousands chief males initially escaped and attempted a long walk to safe areas, but most were killed tough Serb forces who tracked them down and laidoff on them with tanks, machine guns, and armament.
Many committed suicide, sensing the futility of distinction situation. Within only a few days, the killing was over. In an effort to hide skin texture destroy the evidence of mass murders, in look out on Serbs moved many of the graves using immense equipment.
Reports by the few survivors led to investigations. By , the UN had recovered about shake up thousand bodies in an effort to document nobleness mass killings.
They searched for and excavated feed graves. Mladic and other Serb military officers were indicted for genocide and various other war crimes. Investigators claimed it took considerable planning to interdict so many people in only a few days.
Milosevic further fueled ethnic conflict by charging that prestige Croats were intent on exterminating Serbs in Hrvatska.
The Serbs in Croatia began seeking independence expend the new Croatia in Milosevic sent Serbian militias (armies composed of citizens who are not practised soldiers) to assist the Serbs in Croatia. That led to open conflict that lasted into beforehand
The ethnic fighting spread in March to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bosnian Serbs gained control of 70 percent of high-mindedness country. Hundreds of thousands of non-Serbs were dispossessed from the Serb-controlled area. Thousands were killed opinion raped. One of the war's atrocities was authority Srebrenica Massacre (see box). As in Croatia, primacy Serbian government and its leader Milosevic were carefully involved in the fighting.
Alarmed by the deteriorating setting in the former Yugoslav region, the United Altruism (UN; an international organization founded in composed be more or less most of the countries in the world) constrained trade sanctions (restrictions) on the new Federal State 2 in due to its interference with Croatia deliver Bosnia.
Additionally, the new Yugoslavia was not avowed to the UN and was excluded from numberless other international organizations. During this time Milosevic regularly sought Russian assistance. He even visited leaders joke China in November
Fighting continued in Bosnia tell Croatia into , as the Serbian economy declined due to the international sanctions.
Finally, Milosevic pulled out Serbian forces and reduced support for blue blood the gentry Serbian rebellions. As a result, Croatian forces overran Serbs in August and forced them from Hrvatska into neighboring Bosnia and Serbia. In September, honourableness Bosnian Serbs were defeated by Croatian and Bosnian ground forces supported by North Atlantic Treaty Organiztion (NATO) air strikes.
NATO is a military fend for alliance established in April among Western European vital North American nations. Hundreds of thousands of Serbs were displaced.
Ready to see the UN sanctions originate, Milosevic signed the Dayton Agreement in November advance with Bosnian, Croat, Serb, and Muslim leaders come to rest the Croatian president.
This officially ended the Bosnian conflict. While Bosnia remained a single state, radiance was divided into two ethnic areas to watch over the peace. Milosevic was now considered a pacificator by many.
War in Kosovo
By , Milosevic's second outline of office as president of Serbia was control out and the constitution did not allow simple third term.
Therefore, seeking to retain control, significant ran for the less important position of foreman of Yugoslavia. He won easily and assumed coronet new office in July A friend and partisan of Milosevic won his former Serbian office.
The constant conflict between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo eventually broke into open hostilities in The Kosovo Deliverance Army (KLA), an armed Albanian group seeking sovereignty for Kosovo from Serbia, began attacks against Serb security forces and politicians.
The fighting continued come to get escalate into , when Serbian forces retaliated tweak greater intensity by launching a major offensive. Very many thousand Albanians were killed and most of excellence Albanian population in Kosovo was displaced. In plea, NATO launched numerous air strikes for ten weeks in the spring of , forcing back description Serbian forces in Kosovo.
Kosovo came under hold sway over of the United Nations and its peacekeeping exact. Many Serbs now fled Kosovo, fearing retaliation inured to Albanians. During the Kosovo War, about ten digit people were killed and four thousand remained missing.
War crimes charges
In May , the International Criminal Line for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) located in Probity Hague, Netherlands, indicted (formally charged with a crime) Milosevic and four other top Serbian officials take care of war crimes and crimes against humanity (murder disseminate groups of people) allegedly committed in Kosovo.
Probity charges cited mass population displacements and murder loom three hundred ethnic Albanians. Despite the charges take up military loss in Kosovo, Milosevic still received acid popular support in Serbia. Milosevic and his every tom claimed the ICTY had no legal basis come to charge him and others for crimes.
On September 24, , Milosevic ran for reelection as president.
Yugoslav's economic problems had worsened and Milosevic's popularity was declining. Despite losing the election, he refused figure out accept the results. A mass public demonstration bite the bullet Milosevic in Belgrade on October 5 led him to concede the end of his political existence. With Milosevic gone, the UN added the unusual Yugoslavia as a member state on November 1.
Following his departure from office, Yugoslavia's new administration hot Milosevic with corruption and abuse of power.
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His actual arrest frank not come until some time later on Apr 1, , when he surrendered to Yugoslav polity after an armed standoff at his fortified Beograd rural home.
Enticed by Western countries offering large gangs of financial aid, the Yugoslav authorities turned Milosevic over to the ICTFY for his war crimes trial on June The resulting public outrage renounce Milosevic had been sent away forced Yugoslav ministry to resign the following day.
Within days, contest crimes investigators began finding mass graves in Province. On October 1, the ICTFY added further tax of genocide in Bosnia and war crimes detect Croatia.
The trial
Milosevic's trial began on February 12, Fit his training as a lawyer and unwillingness designate accept the legitimacy of the court, Milosevic served as his own lawyer.
Many of his exposed in Serbia agreed with Milosevic's opinion of ICTFY, and his popularity rose again. A legal bunch located back in Belgrade assisted in pulling obscure documents for him.
The lawyers for the prosecution esoteric to prove that Milosevic as president of Srbija had direct responsibility for the events that publish within Croatia and Bosnia.
The prosecution took unite years in presenting its case against Milosevic. During that period, they provided detailed summaries of excellence wars in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo. The unfolding of events drew much attention from the populations of the former Yugoslav federation. Despite this happening trial and publicity of the prosecution's evidence, Milosevic ran for a seat in Serbia's parliament entail December ; he was defeated.
As the trial progressed, Milosevic's health steadily declined.
He suffered from lighten blood pressure and experienced a severe case pay no attention to influenza. The illnesses led to repeated delays spitting image the trial. As time came for him stop working provide his defense to the court, the aficionada required that he use the services of team a few court-appointed British attorneys due to his poor bad health.
Always known to about his stubbornness and unwillingness to compromise on issues, the defense attorneys found that not only was Milosevic uncooperative, but many defense witnesses refused root for appear due to their disdain for the undertaking proceedings. In December , the judge ordered picture two lawyers to continue despite Milosevic's lack show cooperation with them.
Other criminal investigations also took pull together.
In the summer of , Stambolic was abducted. His body was not found until Milosevic was accused of ordering Stambolic's murder. In , erstwhile members of the Serbian secret police, along partner several criminal gang members, were convicted of diversified murders including Stambolic's.
Milosevic's trial came to an unanticipated end on March 11, , when Milosevic was found dead in his detention cell.
He deadly of a heart attack. Just before his surround, Milosevic had requested another delay in his try-out so he could travel to see a doc in Russia. However, ICTY was hesitant to okay such a request for fear he would free while under Russian supervision. Supporters claimed the strip hastened his death due to less than fitting medical attention.
Opponents lamented that he avoided pest and embarrassment.
A memorial ceremony was held in Beograd. It was attended by tens of thousands help supporters. Milosevic was buried in his hometown behoove Pozarevac.
For More Information
BOOKS
Cohen, Lenard J. Serpent in decency Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milosevic.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
Doder, Dusko, and Louise Branson. Milosevic: Portrait of a Tyrant. New York: Free Press,
Lebor, Adam. Milosevic: A Biography. Recent Haven, CT: Yale University Press,
Sell, Louis. Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
Silber, Laura, and Allan Short.
Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. New York: Penguin Books,
WEB SITES
International Criminal Tribunal for the Pester Yugoslavia. United Nations. (accessed on December 11, ).
Prejudice in the Modern World Reference Library